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Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 11 - Schizophrenia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | Disorder marked by breakdown in cognitive, emotional and behavioral functions. A rare but devestating illness. |
| What are delusions? | Extremely irrational beliefs remain despite lack of supporting evidence. |
| Most common types of delusions | Delusion of persecution, reference, being controlled, grandeur, thought broadcasting and thought insertion. |
| Thought Disorder | Breakdown in processing of thoughts which leads to distorted speech. Distorted speech is however not unique for Schizophrenia. |
| Tangential speech | When a person goes on a tangin before getting to the point |
| Loose associations | When a person goes on a tangin without reaching a point. |
| Poverty of Speech | Very vague speech, usually slow and convey very little info. |
| Thought Blocking | When a person starts talking then suddenly stops. |
| Neologisms | Made up words |
| Perseveration | Repeating things. |
| Clanging | Saying a string of words that all rhyme. |
| Hallucinations | Perception that occurs in the absence of external stimuli. |
| What is the most common hallucination? | Auditory |
| Variations in auditory hallucinations | 3rd person commentary and command hallucinations. |
| Anhedonia | Inability to experience pleasure. No change in mood. |
| Flat Affect | Behavior that doesn't express any change in mood. Voice and expressions usually just stayes flat. |
| Inappropriate Affect | Example: Laughing at a funeral. |
| Avolition | Inability to persist in goal-directed behavior. |
| Catatonia | Posturing or mannerisms. Example, freezing in a posture for an hour. |
| Negativistic Catatonia | Staying at a posture and being very stiff, almost impossible to move. |
| Waxy flexibility Catatonia | Staying at a postire and being very flexible and moveable. |
| Echolalia | Repeating what people say to you |
| Echopraxia | Repeating, immitating motormovements. |
| Positive symptoms | Added behavior that wasn't present in the person's life before Schizophrenia. |
| Negative symptoms | Missing behavior that was present before in a person before Schizophrenia Example: flat affect. |
| Psychosis versus Schizophrenia | Psychosis: Problems with knowing what is reality and what is not. Schizophrenia: a psychotic disorder because it makes people have difficulties with knowing what's reality and what's not. |
| Diagnosis of Schizophrenia | 1.Two or more over a month: Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms. 2.Marked impairment in fuctioning 3.Signs of disorder for 6 months 4.symptoms not due to drugs or medical conditions. |
| Paranoid Type | 1.one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallicinatiosn 2.delusional tend to be around a theme. Example: persecution, grandeur, jealousy. |
| Disorganized Type | Disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, flator inappropriate affect. Delusions tend to be disorganized (religious or sexual. Often neglect hygiene. |
| Catatonic Type | Impaired motor behavior. Periods of stupor or catalepsy. Behavioral negativism. Posturing or mannerisms. Echolalia or echopraxia. Excessive, purposeless behavior. |
| Undifferentiated type | Major symptoms of schizophrenia but doesn't fit in one preticular type. Might fit on none or in many. |
| Residual Type | Person who used to have schizophrenia and recovered but still have symptoms but not enough for full schizophrenic diagnosis. |
| Brief psychotic disorder | One of more positive symptoms of schizophrenia that lasts less than a month and is caused by trauma orextreme stress. |
| Folie a deux (Shared psychotic disorder) | Delusions due to living with someone else with delusions. Little is known about this condition. |
| Genetic factors for Schizophrenia | Family studies and twin studies where made to determine the cause of Schizophrenia and it whowed that there is a genetic factor to the illness. The more genes you share with a person with schizophrenia, the bigger the risk is that you get it. |
| Prevelenace of Schizophrenia amongst the general population | 3% |
| The prevelance of Schizophrnia. Monozygotic twins versus fraternal twins. | If a monozygotic twin has schizophrenia, there is a 48% that the other one will get it. If a fraternal twin has schizophrenia there is only a 17% chance that the other one will get it. |
| Environmental factors | There are proof that says that the environment can play an important factor to the cause of Schizophrenia. Ex: Not both of monozygotic twins have to get it. Spouses of person with schizophrenia can get it, as well as half siblings. |
| Studies of the Offsrping of twins | Cildren fall in 1 of 4 groups. 4 groups: either the twins are 1.identical or 2.fraternal, either 3.parent had schizophrenia or 4.twin of parent had schizophrenia. |
| Result of studies of the offspring of twins | Three groups were the same: mom has schizophrenia but moms identical twin doesnt, mom doesn't but moms identical twin does, mom has but moms fraternal doesnt. The only one that was radically less was: moms fraternal twin does but mo doesn't. |
| Search for behavioral markers of schizophrenia | Smooth-pursuit eye movement. Tracking an object with head still: eyes move jerky. And many of their relatives! |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | Antipsychotic drug. Drugs found to reduce posative symptoms, they blockes action of neurostransmitters. Conclusion: schizophrenia related to too much dopamine activity. Proof: drugs that increase dopamine cab produce schizophrenic symptoms. |
| Biochemical factors: Brain absnormalities | 3 of 4 adults with schizophrenia show loss of brain tissue. Evidence: enlarged ventricles and reduced brain tissue volume. |
| Hypofrontality in Pre-frontal cortex | Prefrontal cortex handles planning, expresses emotions and appropriate social functioning and organizes though processes. Hypofrontality decreases brain activity in pre-frontal cortex. This occurs with schizophrenia: could explain negative sympotms. |
| Schizophrenia caused by flu? | Severe flu during 2nd trimester can results in a higher risk of schizophrenia for child. |
| Stress causes Schizophrenia | Stress may activate underlying vulerability and or increase risk of relapse. |
| Family interactions: Expressed emotions | Low tolerance and empathy for the ill family member can result in relapse. Living in a hostile and critical household increase relapse. Ex: patient with EE 50% and patient without EE 14% |
| Diathesis-Stress model | Diathesis is the predisposition to develop schizophrenia, most often biological. Stess combined with the diathesis can lead to schizophenia |
| Historical medical treatments | Lobotomy, electroconvulsive therapy, insulin shock therapy (induse seizures and then coma, when the patient wakes up he is supposebly treated.) |
| Antipsychotic medication | Ex. Haldol, Thorazine, Stelazine. They block dopamine receptors in the brain. They primarily help positive symptoms. |
| Short term Side effects of antipsychotic medication | Extrapyramidal side effects (parkinson-like) such as stiff muscles and spasms |
| Long term die effects of antipsychotic medication | 1 in 4 develop Tardive Dyskinsesia (TD). Involuntary movements (face, mouth, neck, arms, legs) |
| Individual and group psychotherapy | Focus on stress reduction, social skills, dealing with criticism, and medication compliance |
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rebecka_n87
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