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Psychology #4
Chapters 8-10
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| factors that activate, direct and sustain goal-directed behavior | motivation |
| fixed, in-born patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species | instinct |
| the belief that behavior is motivated by instinct | instinct theory |
| the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction | drive theory |
| Which psychologist was supportive of the drive theory? | Clark Hull |
| a state of deprivation or deficiency | need |
| innate drives that arise from basic biological needs such as hunger and thirst | primary drives |
| drives that arte learned or acquired through experience | secondary drives |
| rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act | incentives |
| Harvard psychologist; stated that people with high need for achievement set challenging goals for themselves | David McCelland |
| motivation reflecting a desire for internal gratification, such as the self-satisfaction derived from accomplishing a particular goal | intrinsic motivations |
| motivation reflecting a desire for external rewards, such as wealth or respect of others | extrinsic motivations |
| Developed the hierarchy of needs | Abraham Maslow |
| self-starvation resulting in an unhealthy and potentially dangerously low body weight | anorexia nervosa |
| repetitive pattern of binge eating followed by purging (self induced vomit) maintain relatively normal weight | bulimia nervosa |
| the psychological sense of maleness or femaleness | gender identity |
| the direction of one's erotic interests | sexual orientation |
| the cultural expectations imposed on men and women to behave in ways deemed appropriate for their gender | gender roles |
| feeling states that psychologists view as having physiological, cognitive and behavioral components | emotions |
| What are the 6 Basic Emotional Expressions? | anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise |
| the biological unfolding of the organism according to the underlying genetic code | maturation |
| a fertilized egg cell | zygote |
| What are the 3 major Prenatal Stages? | germinal, embryonic, fetal |
| List multiple teratogens | X-rays, environmental contaminants (lead and mercury), certain drugs, smoking, alcohol |
| What are the 3 Parenting Styles? | Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive |
| parents set reasonable limits, not over controlling, firm but understanding, most successful style | authoritative |
| rigid and over controlling style | authoritarian |
| anything goes style, respond affectionately to children but let discipline slide when setting limits | permissive |
| Psychodynamic theorist; described 4 stages of psychosocial development in childhood | Eric Erikson |
| Swiss developmentalist; most important developmental theorist ever; best way to understand is to closely observe; adaption to the environment consists of 2 complementary processes, assimilation and accomodation | Jean Piaget |
| a mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment | schema |
| the process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment | adaption |
| the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas | assimilation |
| the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences | accomodation |
| What are the stages of cognitive development? | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| Birth-2 years; child becomes increasingly capable of performing more complex behaviors and skills | sensorimotor |
| 2-7 years; child lacks the ability to perform basic logical operations and to apply basic principles of logic to their experiences; use of language and words; egocentrism | preoperational |
| 7-11 years; able to mentally reverse the process in the conservation task and becomes capable of decentered thinking | concrete operational |
| the level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget's theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms | formal operational |
| range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction | zone of proximal development |
| period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood | adolescence |
| How did G. Stanley Hall view adolescence? | sturm und drang "Storm and stress" |
| the common belief among adolescents that they are the center of other people's attention | imaginary audience |
| the common belief among adolescents that their feelings and experiences cannot possibly be understood by others and tat they are personally invulnerable to harm | personal fable |
| What are 3 behavior patterns associated with successful aging? | Selective optimization and compensation, optimism, self-challenge |
| optimizing one's time and using available resources to compensate for shortcomings on physical energy, memory or fluid intelligence | selective optimization and compensation |
| optimistic frame of mind is linked to higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression | optimism |
| seeking new challenges=successful adjustment; key is not to do less but to do more of the things that matter | self-challenge |
| pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt | stress |
| a state of emotional or physical suffering, discomfort, or pain | distress |
| sources of stress | stressors |
| continuing or lingering stress | chronic stress |
| major changes in life circumstances; occur irregularly and sometimes unexpectadly | life events |
| a state of tension brought about by opposing motives operating simultaneously | conflict |
| What are the 4 Major Types of Conflict? | approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, multiple approach-avoidance |
| least stressful type of conflict; resolved by deciding on one course of action or another between two positive goals | approach-approach |
| must make a decision between two unpleasant options | avoidance-avoidance |
| face a goal that has both positive and negative qualities | approach-avoidance |
| most complex type; involves two or more goals, each with compelling positive and negative characteristics | multiple approach-avoidance |
| A behavior pattern characterized by impatience, time urgency, competitiveness and hostility | Type A behavior |
| A behavior pattern that is slower; more relaxed paced | Type B behavior |
| protein molecules produced by the immune system that serve to mark antigens for destruction by specialized lymphocytes | antibodies |
| List multiple buffers against stress | social support, self efficacy, perceptions of control/predictability, psychological hardiness, optimism |
| What are the leading causes of death due to behavioral causes in the US? | one million; smoking, alcohol, obesity and inactivity |
| in the circulatory system, fatty deposits that accumulate along artery walls | plaque |
| a condition in which artery walls become thicker and lose elasticity "hardening of arteries" | arteriosclerosis |
| a form of arteriosclerosis involving the narrowing of artery walls resulting from build up of plaque | atherosclerosis |
| a disease caused by an infectious agent that is spread by sexual contact | sexually transmitted disease (STD) |
| 2 of 3 cancer deaths in the US are accounted for by which two modifiable behaviors? | smoking and diet |
Created by:
mcarraher16
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