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Psy100-OSU-Neurosci
Neuroscience (p107-136)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neurons | nerve cells specialized for communication (that send and recieve signals) |
| Central Nervous System | part of the nervous system containing brain and spinal cordd that enables mind and behavior |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system |
| forebrain | part of the brain that allows intellectual abilities, also known as the cerebrum |
| cerebral cortex | outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analayzing sensory processing and and higher brain functions |
| neocortex | newest part of cerebral cortex, comprising most of the cerebral cortex |
| cerebral hemispheres | two halves of the cerebral cortex |
| corpus callosum | bundle of nerve fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres |
| frontal lobe | part of the neocortex/cerebral cortex towards the front of the brain that is responsible for MOTOR FUNCTION, LANGUAGE and MEMORY |
| prefrontal cortex | part of the fr. lobe that is responsible for THINKING, PLANNING, AND LANGUAGE |
| broca's area | the LANGUAGE part of the prefrontal cortex (which also does thinking abd planning btw) that helps control speech production. |
| aphasia | serious speech defecit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively. |
| motor cortex | part of the frontal cortex responsible for body movement |
| parietal lobe | upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe.. for TOUCH and PERCEPTION |
| temporal lobe | deepest/lowest part of the cerebral cortex that plays a role in HEARING, UNDERSTANDING-LANGUAGE, and MEMORY |
| wernicke's area | part of temporal lobe involved in UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE (SPEECH) |
| occipital lobe | back part of the cerebral cortex (farthes back lobe) that plays a role in VISION (it has the visual cortex in it) |
| sensory cortex | regions of the cerebral corex devoted to vision, touch, hearing, balance, taste, and smell |
| association corex | regions fo the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions |
| basal ganglia | structures buried in the forebrain that help to control MOVEMENT |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messgngers that neurons use to converse with each other. |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement and reward. |
| basal forebrain | region in formain continaing acetylecholine neurons that affect activity fo the cortex... this region is more for mental activities rather than movement |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter used to control activity, including MOVEMENT, MEMORY, ATTENTION, and DREAMING |
| thalamus | part of the brain that processes sensory information and serves as a gateway tot he cerebral cortex |
| brain stem | part of the brain between spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the medulla, the midbrain, and the pons |
| midbrain (location) | part of the brain stem, between the forebrain and hindbrain |
| midbrain (fx) | Control head and neck reflexes, and modulate motor activity. |
| reticular activating system | group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a key role in arousal |
| hindbrain | consisting of cerebellum, pons, and medulla (the latter 2 are part of the brain stem) |
| cerebellum | small cerebrum in hindbrain RESPONSIBLE FOR BALANCE |
| pons | part of hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum |
| medulla | part of the brain stem involved in VITAL FUNCTIONS such as heartbeat and breathing. |
| cerebral ventricles | internal waterways of CNS that carry cerebrospinal fluid, which provides the brain with nutrients and cushioning against injury |
| interneurons | neurons that send messages to other neurons nearby and stimulate neurons |
| reflex | an automatic motor response to a stimulous like muscle stretch |
| synapse | space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted |
| somatic nervous system | part of the PNS carrying messages from the CNS through the body to control movement. |
| limbic system | emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory |
| hypothalamus | part of the limbic system that regulates and maintains internal bodily states by overseeing the endocrine and autonomic nervous system. |
| amygdala | part of the limbic system that plays a key role in fear, excitement, and arousal |
| hippocampus | part of the association cortex that plays a role in spacial memory |
| autonomic nervous system | part of the peripheral nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which participates in emotion (along with the limbic system) |
| sympathetic division | part of the PNS/auto. that is engagued during a crisis |
| parasympethetic division | part of the PNS/auto.NS. that controls rest and digestion |
| endocrine system | system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers |
| hormones | blood-borne chemicals that target tissues and glands |
| pituitary gland | controls other glands of the body; it is controlled by the hypothalamous. |
| adrenal gland | tissue located on top of kidneys that releases ADRENALINE and CORTISOL during states of emotional arousal. |
| dendrites | portions of neurons that recieve signals |
| sympathetic cleft | space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released |
| axons | portions of neurons that send signals |
| synaptic vessicles | spherical sacs containing neurotransmitters |
| glial cells | support cells in nervous system that play roles in formation of myelin and blood-brain barrier, as well as respond to injury and remove debris. |
| blood-brain barrier | glial cells forming a fatty coating that prevents certain substances from entering the brain |
| myelin sheath | glial cell-wrappers around axons that act as insulators of the neurons's signal |
| nodes | gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon |
| resting potential | electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited |
| threshold | membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential |
| absolute refractory period | time during which another action potential is impossible; limites maximal firing rate. |
| (nt) glutamate | main excitatory neutrotransmittor |
| (nt) GABA | main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system |
| (nt) Accetylcholine (ACh) | Muscle contraction (PNS), Cortical arousal (CNS) |
| (nt) norepinephrine (NE) | cortical arousal |
| (nt) dopamine | motor function and reward |
| (nt) seratonin | cortical arousal |
| (nt) endorphins | pain reduction |
| (nt) anandamide | pain reduction, increase in apetite. (THC) |
| receptor sites | locations that uniquely recognize a neurotransmitter |
| reuptake | means of recycling neurotransmitters |
| EEG | recording of brains electrical activity at surface of skull |
| CT scan | a scanning technique using multiple x-rays to contstruct 3d images |
| Magnetic Resonsance Imaging (MRI) | a scanning technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | uses glucose molecules' uptake to yeild a picture of regional matabolic activity in brain regions |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | technique that applies strong magnetic fields to interrupt brain function |
| magnetocentaphalography (MET) | measure of brain using magnotometers |
| temporal resolution | ability to see things happen at a certain time |
| spacial resolution | ability to tell where things happen in brain |
| split-brain surgury | cutting of the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epilectic seizures |
| lateralization | cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other |
Created by:
neill89
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