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Pharm Ch. 38
Agents to Control Blood Glucose Levels Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Diabetes Mellitus | A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and altered metabolism of proteins and fats; associated with thickening of the basement membrane, leading to numerous complications |
| Adiponectin | hormone produced by adipocytes that acts to increase insulin sensitivity, decrease the release of glucose from the liver, and protect the blood vessels from inflammatory changes |
| dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) | enzyme that quickly metabolizes glucagon-like polypeptide-1 |
| endocannabinoid receptors | receptors found in the adipose tissue, muscles, liver, satiety center, and GI tract that are part of a signaling system within the body to keep the body in a state of energy gain |
| glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) | a peptide produced in the GI tract in response to carbohydrates that increases insulin release, decreases glucagon release, slows GI emptying, and stimulates the satiety center int he brain |
| glycogen | storage form of glucose; can be broken down for rapid glucose level increases during times of stress |
| glycosuria | presence of glucose in the urine |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c Test) | a blood glucose marker that provided a 3-month average of blood glucose levels |
| hyperglycemia | elevated blood glucose levels (>106 mg/dL) leading to multiple signs and symptoms and abnormal metabolic pathways |
| hypoglycemia | lower-than-normal blood sugar (<40 mg/dL); often results from imbalance between insulin or oral agents and patient's eating, activity, and stress |
| incretins | peptides that are produced in the GI tract in response to food that help to modulate insulin and glucagon activity |
| insulin | hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas; stimulates insulin receptor sites to move glucose into the cells; promotes storage of fat and glucose in the body |
| ketosis | breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in an increase in ketones to be excreted from the body |
| polydipsia | increased thirst; seen in diabetes when loss of fluid and increased tonicity of the blood lead the hypothalamic thirst center to make the patient feel thirsty |
| polyphagia | increased hunger; sign of diabetes when cells cannot use glucose for energy and feel that they are starving, causing hunger |
| sulfonylureas | oral antidiabetic agents used to stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin |
Created by:
Nurse Ratched
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