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DSW DevPsych ch.9-16
Stack #201169
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| myopia | nearsightedness caused by poor lighting when reading, sitting too close to t.v. and heredity. |
| obesity | greater than 20% increase over average body weight, based on sex, and physical build. |
| children who eat dinner with parents | eat more fruits and vegetables |
| gross motor development reflects four basic motor capacities | flexibility, balance, agility, force |
| research shows that the development during middle childhood...... | girls outperform boys in gross motor skills that depend on balance and agility |
| research shows that with fine motor skills.... | girls remain ahead of boys in hand writing and drawing. |
| the physical activities of school-age children... | reflect an important advance in the quality of their play: Games with rules become common. |
| Concrete Operational Thought | Piaget - conservation, classification, seriation, and spatial reasoning |
| rehearsal | repeating information |
| metacognition | awareness of thought |
| Sternberg | Triarchic theroy of succsessful intelligence identifies three broad interacting intelligences 1)analytical 2)creative 3)practical |
| Erikson's Theory: Industry vs. inferiority | psychological conflict of middle childhood - resolved positively when children develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. |
| self-conscious emotions | pride and guilt become clearly governed by a sense of personal responsibility |
| perspective taking | the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling |
| moral development | time to internalize rules for good conduct: "it's good to help others in trouble." |
| distributive justice | extra rewards should go to someone who has performed in an exceptional way |
| peer groups | collectives that generate unique values and standards for behaviour and a social structure of leaders and followers |
| peer acceptance-four general categories | popular children rejected children contoversal children neglected children |
| coregulation | transitional form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while permitting children to be in charge of moment by moment decision making |
| Children's temperment and sex | when tempermentally difficult children are exposed to stressful life events and inadequate parenting, their problems are magnified |
| divorce mediation | meetings with divorcing couple and a professional to reduce family conflict |
| joint custody | mother and father have equal say in important decisions about the child's upbringing |
| school phobia | fear or severe apprehension about attending school, often accompanied by physical complaints |
| puberty | beginning of adolescence marked by a flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity |
| secondary sexual characteristics | breast development and underarm and pubic hair. |
| primary sexual characteristics | rapid body growth and changes in physical features related to sexual functioning |
| menarche | menstration in females - occuring around age 12. |
| spermarche | first ejaculation for boys - occuring around age 13. |
| anorexia nervousa | has increased in the past half-century, due to cultural admiration of female thinness. |
| bulimia nervousa | eating disorder where young people engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, vomiting, and purging with laxatives |
| Piaget - Formal operational stage | the capacity for abstract thinking begins around age 11. |
| imaginary audience | adolescent's belief that they are the focus of attention |
| Erikson - identity vs. role confusion | the psychological conflict of adolescence, successful outcomes of earlier stages pave the way to it's positive resolution |
| Kohlberg | six stages of moral development, 1)punishment and obedience, 2)instrumental purpose, 3)"good boy-good girl", 4)social-order maintaining, 5)social contract, 6)universal ethical principle |
| gender intensification | increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviour and movement toward more traditional gender identity - declines by middle to late adolescence |
| depression in adolescence | 15 to 20% of teens have had one or more major depressive episodes. |
| factors related to delinquency | difficult temperment, low intelligence, poor school performance, peer rejection in childhood and association with anti-social peers. |
| close friendships | provide opportunities to explore the self provide a foundation for intimate relationships improve attitudes toward and involvement in school |
| clique | small group of about five to seven members who share similar attitudes and values |
| changes in physical appearance and decline in body function during the twenties and thirties are: | gradual and hardly noticeable |
| free radicals are responsible for: | a likely cause of age-related DNA and cellular damage. |
| cross-linkage theory | suggests that over time protein fibers form links and become less elastic, producing negative changes in many organs |
| lack of parental support and teacher support is responsible for: | a number of girls in gifted and talented programs declining over grades 10 to 12. |
| Erikson's critical psychological conflict in early adulthood is called | intimacy vs. isolation |
| according to social learning perspective what influences criteria for mate selection? | societal gender roles |
| regular exercise reduces | body fat, builds muscle, helps prevent illness and enhances psychological well being |
| alcohol consumption may lead too what problems | liver, cardiovascular, certain cancers, social problems, highway fatalities, crime and sexual coercion |
| adults in comitted relationships report | high satisfaction with their sex lives |
| When talking about STDs more _________ are vulnerable. | women |
| in order to reduce rape and sexual coerciation what are some things we can do | reduce gender stereotyping mandate treatment for those who assault teach precautions |
| PMS symptoms are | cramps, fluid retention, diarrhea, tender breasts, backache, headache, fatigue, irritability, depression |
| Perry's theory talks about 2 types of thinking | dualistic and relativistic |
| Labouvie-Vief's theory involves what type of thought | pragmatic |
| dropping out usually happens when | first year of college |
| vocational development phases are: | fantasy tentative realistic |
| Erikson's Theory - Intimacy vs. isolation | psychological conflict of early adulthood, reflected in the young person's thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner |
| life structure is | the underlying design of a person's life, consisting of relationships with significant others-individuals, groups, and institutions. |
| social clock is | age graded expectations for major life events |
| social learning perspective when dealing with mate selection tells us that........ | that gender roles profoundly influence our selection |
| relationship quality has the greatest impact on.............. | women's mental health and marital satisfaction. |
| family life cycle | a sequence of characterizing the development of most families around the world |
| _______are more likely to have physical and mental health problems than _________ | single men, single women |
| the most commonly mentioned advantages of singlehood are...... | freedom and mobility |
| cohabitation | refers to the lifesyles of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share a residence |
| What background factors increase the chances of divorce? | younger marriage, not attending religious services, being previously divorced, and having parents who have divorced |
| Presbyopia is... | "old eyes" the lens loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances - around age 60 |
| glaucoma is.... | poor fluid drainage leads to build up of pressure within the eye, damaging the optic nerve |
| presbycusis is.... | "old hearing" |
| What things can we do to help with middle age spread? | reduce caloric intake, exercise |
| to lessen chance of osteoporosis women can.... | exercise, take vitamin D and increase calcium intake |
| Menopause involves what symptoms? | hot flashes, stopping of menstruation, emotional and physical symptoms |
| hormone therapy is.... | hormone replacement prescribed by a doctor to help combat the symptoms of menopause |
| What 2 things are the leading cause of death in middleage? | cancer and cardiovascular disease |
| expressed hostility leads to what in middleage? | greater cardiovascular arousal, health complaints and illness |
| crystallized intelligence is..... | skills that depend on accumulates knowledge and experience, good judgemnet and mastery of social conventions |
| Erikson's - generativity vs. stagnation is... | reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation |
| adults who go back to school generally are: | female |
| Which researcher said that women have great difficulties when transitioning into middle adulthood? | Levinson |
| Middle age is a time when most people must reconcile what parts of the self? | masculine and feminine |
| What three things level off in middle adulthood? | self-acceptance, autonomy, and environmental mastery |
| What are the "big five" personality traits? | Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientious |
| What do we know about grandparents and grandchildren of the same sex? | typically they are closer |
| Who do families depend on to take care of aging parents because they are generally most available? | adult daughters |
| "glass ceiling" | women and ethnic minorities face this when trying to achieve greater status in their careers - barrier to advancement |
| BMR is...... | basal metabolic rate - the amount of energy the body uses at complete rest |
| Reversibility | the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point |
| Gifted | displaying exceptional intellectual strengths |
| Popular Children | Children who get many positive votes on sociometric measures of peer acceptance |
| Rejected Children | Children who are actively disliked and get many negative votes on sociometric measures of peer acceptance |
| Controversial Children | Children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviours that engenders mixed peer opinion, get positive and negative votes |
| Neglected Children | Children who are seldom chosen, and do not receive positive or negative votes |
| personal fable | teenagers are so sure that others are observing and thinking about them, they develop an inflated opinion of their own importance. They start to feel that they are special and unique. |
| learned helplessness | children attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. They conclude that external factors such as luck are responsible |
| body image | early-maturing girls usually report a less positive body image; conception of and attitude toward their physical appearance |
| Adolescence | the transition between childhood and adulthood |
| identity | Erikson recognized it as the major personality achievement of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, happy adult. |
| autonomy | a sense of oneself as a seperate, self-governing individual |
| Two characteristics of adolescent friendship | intimacy and loyalty |
| crowd | several cliques with similiar values form a larger more loosely organized group, called a crowd |
| senescence or biological aging | once the body structure reaches maximum capacity and efficiency, genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species |
| dualistic thinking | dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they. |
| relativistic thinking | viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought, they gave up the possibilty of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context |
| Labiovie-Vief's Theory | Pragmatic thought, a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems |
| Periods of vocational development | fantasy period, tentative period, realistic period |
| crystallization | in the final phase of vocational development young people focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation |
| loneliness | unhappiness resulting from a gap between the social relationships we currently have and those we desire |
| family life cycle | a sequence of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world |
| traditional marriage | clear division of husband's and wife's roles, man is the head of the household, women care for the household, husband and children |
| egalitarian marriage | husband and wife relate as equals, sharing power and authority, both parents try to balance time devoted to occupations, children and relationship |
| triangular theory of love | identifies three components - intimacy, passion and committment - that shifts in emphasis as romantic relationships develop |
| dual-earner marriage | both husband and wife are employed |
| cohabitation | refers to the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share a residence |
| companionate love | when passion declines in favour of intimacy and committment, the next stage is warm, trusting affection and caregiving |
| passionate love | intense sexual attraction |
| Levinson's Seasons of life | development is a sequence of qualitatively distinct eras beginning with a transition lasting about 5 years which concludes the previous era and begins the next |
| life structure | key concept in Levinson's theory is the underlying design of a person's life, consisting of relationships with significant others-individuals, groups, and institutions |
| Gross Motor Development in school aged children | flexibilty, balance, agility, force |
| cognitive self-regulation | the process of continuously monitoring progress towards a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts |
| mastery-oriented attributions | crediting their successes to ability-a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when facing new challenges they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or controlled such as insufficient effort or a very difficult task |
| moral development | "it's good to help others in trouble" |
| peer culture | specialized vocabulary, dress code and place to "hang out" |
| likability | a one-sided perspective, involving the group's view of an individual |
| peer acceptance | refers to likability-the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner |
| popular "anti-social" children | subtype - includes "tough" boys; athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority |
| growth spurt | rapid gain in height and weight is the first outward sign of puberty |
| paths to identity (four identity statuses) | identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion |
| bicultural identity | by exploring and adopting values from both the adolescent's subculture and the dominant culture |
| heteronomous morality | from about 5-10 years of age, it suggests children regard rules as handed down by authorities as permanent and unchangeable, and as requiring strict obedience |
| autonomous morality | as young people approach adolescence they no longer view rules as fixed, but, rather as flexible, socially agreed-on principles that can be revised when necessary |
| same-sex friendships | women have more same-sex friendships than men |
| singlehood | not living with an intimate partner - more young men are single than women, but, women are more likely then men to stay single later in life |
| continuous career path | typically men, beginning after completion of formal education and ending after retirement |
| discontinuous career path | typically women, interrupted or defered by child rearing and other family needs |
| role overload | conflict between work and family responsibilities |
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medix
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