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Degeneration Ischemi
Degeneration Ischemia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cellular degenration | the accumulation of metabolites or other substances in a cell damaged by a preceding injury such as: drug induced, Toxic, traumatic, ischemic .... |
| What are the characteristics of changes in cells and tissue | 1. abnormal structural change 2. decrease functions 3. Reversible (mild injury) e.g ischemia.. and irreversible (severe injury) |
| What are the sequential changes in Reversible cell injury | 1. Decrease cellular ATP 2. Damage to plasma membrane sodium pumt 3. Reduced protein sythesis |
| What are some ultra structural changes on ER? | Distention of cisternae |
| What are some ultra structural changes on Mitochondria? | Swelling |
| What are some ultra structural changes on Plasma membrane ? | loss of microville and focal projection of cytoplasm |
| What are some ultra structural changes on Nucleolus ? | segregation of granular fibrillar components and reduced RNA synthesis |
| What is an example of irreversible cell injury? | Mictochondrial dysfunction |
| Membrane cell damage can lead to : | 1. Accelerated degradation of membrane phospholipids 2. Cytoskeletal damage 3. Breakdown of lipids 4. Reperfusion damage |
| What happens when activating Hydrolytic Enzymes | cause enzymatic digestion of cellular component and induce nuclear changes hence cell death |
| Which predominantes in neurodegenrative disorder? what about ischemia? Necrosis or apoptosis | in the first one necrosis, the second one apoptosis |
| What is ischemia? | Cut off of blood flow circulation |
| What is anoxia? | insufficient oxygen can be due to lowered hemoglobin, respiration effects, respiratory poisons |
| Lead as a chemical injury | CNS toxin - interferes with neurotransmitters causing hyperactivity |
| Carbon monoxide as a chemical injury | binds irreversibly to hemoglobin |
| Ethanol as a chemical injury | Think of alcohol .. liver toxin --> interrupts protein transport |
| Mercury as a chemical injury | Neurotoxin can cause bone deformities |
| Examples of genetic disease | Sickle cell anemia (substitution of one amino acid in hemoglobin structure) .. Muscular Dystrophy (abnormal dystrophin protein expression results in muscle tissue dysfunction) |
| The patterns of cellular degeneration are grouped according to the dominant expression of injury as : | I. Water overload II. Metabolite Overload III. Storage overload |
| Fat overload is part of metabolite overload, it is the accumulation of lipids by the following mechanisms: | 1. Abnormally high levels of fat in diet 2. interference in oxidation of fats 3. Interference in protein production 4. Impairment in the release of lipoproteins |
| What is fatty degeneration: | Vacuoles form large globules |
| Fatty infiltration (Steatosis) | A single globule of fat displaces the nucleus to one side |
| Whay is Hyaline Degeneration: | degeneration and accumulation of abnormally metabolized protein |
| Fibrinoid | Protein accumulation that resembles coagulated fibrin, found inn degenerating blood vessel walls and connective tissue |
| Amyloidosis | Protein accumulation characterized by deposition of proteinaceous material in the basement membrane |
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | excessive accumulation of conjugate protein and carbohydrates normally found in secretion of epithelial cells, connective tissues and cartilage |
| What is glycogen degeneration? | abnormally large amount of glycogen in the cytoplasm cells |
| exogenous pigmentation | Following injection, inhalation or absorption from the gut of some foreign material |
| Endogenous pimentation | due to altered metabolism of breakdown products of Hemoglobin --> can cause Jaundice, Melanin -->excessive radiation and effects of sunlight, and Fat. |
| What is calcification | Can cause hardening of cells and altered membrane premeability |
| Dystophic calcification | Calcium salts are deposited in degenerate and necrotic cells and tissue |
| Metastatic Calcification | Excessive mobilization of calcium from skeleton into the blood |
| What is the life span of red blood cells? | 120 days |
| Cellular aging | all cells can replicate 40-60 times max and clones may not live as long as the parent cell |
| What is frailty | Wasting syndrome of aging due to decreased protein synthesis, reduced muscle mass and lowered bone density |
| Alzheimer's disease | cellular and network dysfunction ---> loss of memory |
| Parkinson's disease | Degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons --> impaired movement |
| Lou Gherg's disease | Increase in free radicals due to mutation in superoxide disumtase ---> death of motor neurons, muscle atrophy |
| Huntington Disease | Polyglutamine repeats ---> impaired movement and cognitive functions |
| What are conformation of diagnosis to Alzheimers disease | - Neuritic plaque containing amyloid beta (A beta) - Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of tau filaments - Brain atrophy |
| What characteristic of A beta- helps other protein fragments to gather into a plaque? | That it's sticky or insoluble.........this pleque cause neuronal death |
| What is Tau protein? | microtubule associated protein that acts as 3D "tie" for the microtubules |
| Loss of ATP generation by mitochondria initially results in reversible events: | Na+/K+ ATPase membrane pumps leads to loss of ionic and osmotic gradients resulting in cell swelling and ER dilation ... Increase in anaeobic glycolysis --> glycogen depletion and lactic accumulation ... Reduced protein synthesis |
| How can you reverse the changes mentioned before? | Reinstating O2 and blood flow |
| What does the transition to irreversible injury depends on? | The extent of ATP depletion and membrane dysfunction especially of mitochondria |
| ATP depletion releases _____ that can induce _____ | cytochrome c, apoptosis |
| What happens if you block O2 for 3-4 minutes from the brain and heart tissues? how about other tissues? | Irreversible damage .. other tissues 20 min would cause irreversible damage |
| What is a stroke? | occurs when blood vessels carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts |
| blockage of internal carotid artery results in: | 1. blindness 2. incoordination 3. Weakness in the body |
| Blockage of arteries branching from the vertebral arteries | 1. dizziness 2. Vertigo 3. double vision 4. weakness |
| What is calcium Hypothesis | Massive Ca2+ entry into cells leads to cell death |
| Excitotoxic Hypothesis | Excitatory amino acids (glutamate) toxicity leads to neuronal cell death |
| What happens when proteins are phosphorelated or dephosphorylated? | their function is altered |
| Coronary heart disease | Arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and blood are narrowed by build up of plaque and less blood gets through |
| What is Angina? | pain or pressure that occurs because blood flow and oxygen to the heart is reduced |
| What is a heart attack ? | blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked and cells begin to die from lack of oxygen |
| Atherosclerosis | occurs in almost any artery in the body. but in the brain and heart it can be crucial. it's a slow and progressive disease |
| Reperfusion injury | After an injury the cell won't function the same |
Created by:
amiqnais
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