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Fungi and Parasites
PHRM 6101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Species that cause infections in immunocompromised individuals (opportunistic pathogens) | 1. Candida ablicans 2. Aspergillus fumigatus 3. Cryptococcus Neoformans |
| Species that cause cutaneous infections | 1. Trichophyton Rubrum 2. Microsporum canis 3. Epidemophyton floccosum |
| Species that are really bad | Aspergillus flavus |
| What causes Candidiasis | caused by candida ablicans |
| where do you find canidiasis | On the Skin, GI tract, and vagina |
| What does candidiasis cause? | 1. Mucosal infections : Vulvovaginitis, Thrush, Perleche 2. Skin/nail infections: thickening; diabetes 3. Systemic infections: Esophagus, lungs, kidney, liver |
| Treatment to Mucosal infections caused by Candidiasis | Nystatin or Azole drugs (Anti fungal) eg. Ketoconazole |
| Treatment to systemic infections caused by candidiasis | Ketoconazole or Amphotericin B |
| what is a thrush | oral white plaque .. many HIV patients get it in their mouth |
| What is a perleche | cracking/dryness of corners of mouth/lips |
| How do antifungals work? | They inhibit the synthesis or bind ergosterol disrupting the membrane of the fungus |
| How do Nystatin work? | Binds ergosterol and forms a pore in the fungal cell membrane causing ion K+ leakage |
| Azoles work | Inhibit cytochrome P450 14-alpha-demethylase needed to form lanosterol (Precursor of ergosterol) |
| Amphotericin B | Binds ergosterol and creates pores in the fungal cell membrane leading ions and other molecules to leak through the pores |
| Cryptococcus Neoformans | Found in the soil .. systemic infections are: 1. Mild, Subclinical lung infection 2. Brain and meninges infection |
| Treatment of cryptococcus Neoformans | Fluconazole used for prevention |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Found in the soil .. Systemic infections 1. Invasive: Lungs --> brain and GIT 2. Noninvasive: Fungus balls in lungs cavities |
| Treatment for Aspergillus Fumigatus | Amphotericin B and surgical removal of fungal mass. AZOLES ARE NOT EFFECTIVE |
| Dermatophytes | cause cutaneous fungal infection. They grow as hyphae within dead tissues and structures: skin, hair and nails |
| There are 3 generas of dermatophytes they all attack the skin | 1. Trichophyton 2. Epidermophyton 3. Microsporum: does not infect nails |
| Tinea Pedis | Athlete's foot .. caused by Trichophyton, Epidermophyton |
| Tinea Corporis | Ring worm .. Epidermophyton, Trichophyton & Microsporum |
| Tinea Capitis | Scalp Ringworm .. Trichophyton & Microsporum |
| Tinea Cruris | Jock itch .. T. Rubrum |
| Tinea Unguium | Onchomycosis (on the nail) .. T. Rubrum |
| Treatment for those Tineas include | Topical and oral azoles |
| What are the 4 stages of Locomotion | 1. Amoebas: Moves via pseudopodia 2. Flagellate: moves via flagella 3. Ciliates: moves via cilia (hair like projection arranged in rows) 4. Sporozoa: nonmotile obligate, intracellular parasites .. E.g plasmodium vivax & falciparum --> Malaria |
| What Protozoas do you have in the intestinals | 1. Entamoeba histolyca 2. Giardia Lamblia 3. Cryptosporidium parvum |
| What protozoas are in the urogenital | Trichomonas Vaginitis |
| What Protozoas are in blood and tissues | 1. Plasmodium species 2. Toxoplasma gondii 3. Trypanosoma species 4. Leishmania species |
| what does Enatmoeba Histolytica cause? | Amebic Dysentery (diarrhea blood) in the GI it causes ulceration of the colon, in the liver it causes abscesses |
| what does Giardia Lamblia cause? | in the GI --> it attach to the upper portion of small intestine and do not invade the epithelium |
| what does Cryptosporidium parvum cause? | in the GI --> Lower portion of the small intestines |
| Treatment of Intestinal protozoas (Entamoeba histolyca, Giardia Lamblia, Cryptospordium parvum) | Metronidazole |
| What does Trichomonas vaginitis cause? | Inflammation of mucosal tissue of the urogenital tracts. it's sexually transimited |
| What does Plasmodium species cause? | - Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria -infects erythrocytes --> causes Rupture --> Release toxic substances --> high fever and hypertension |
| Treatment for plasmodium species | Think of Malaria .. drug is Quinine and it's family .. primaquine, chloroquine etc |
| What causes Toxoplasma gondii | cats |
| What causes Trypanosoma species | T.brusei which causes sleeping sickness. |
| What causes Leishmania species | Many causes it ---> it cause cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral lesions ---> scars |
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amiqnais
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