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CSU Gestalt 2015
Chapter 5 Openstax: Gestalt Principle of Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| wavelength | length of a wave from one peak to the next peak |
| visible spectrum | portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see |
| vestibular sense | contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture |
| vertigo | spinning sensation |
| umami | taste for monosodium glutamate |
| tympanic membrane | eardrum |
| trough | lowest point of a wave |
| trichromatic theory of color perception | color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones |
| transduction | conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential |
| top-down processing | interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts |
| timbre | sound’s purity |
| thermoception | temperature perception |
| temporal theory of pitch perception | sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron |
| taste bud | grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud |
| subliminal message | message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness |
| stapes | middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup |
| similarity | things that are alike tend to be grouped together |
| signal detection theory | change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state |
| sensory adaptation | not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time |
| sensorineural hearing loss | failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain |
| sensation | what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor |
| Ruffini corpuscle | touch receptor that detects stretch |
| rod | specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions |
| retina | light-sensitive lining of the eye |
| absolute threshold | minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time |
| afterimage | continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus |
| amplitude | height of a wave |
| basilar membrande | thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system |
| binaural cue | two-eared cue to localize sound |
| binocular cue | cue that relies on the use of both eyes |
| binocular disparity | slightly different view of the world that each eye receives |
| blind spot | point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field |
| bottom-up processing | system in which perceptions are built from sensory input |
| closure | organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than a series of parts |
| cochela | fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system |
| cochlear implant | electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain |
| conductive hearing loss | failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles |
| cone | specialized photoreceptor that works best in the bright light conditions and detects color |
| congenital deafness | deafness from birth |
| congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia) | genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain |
| cornea | transparent converting over the eye |
| deafness | partial or complete inability to hear |
| decibel (dB) | logarithmic unit of sound intensity |
| depth perception | ability to perceive depth |
| electromagnetic spectrum | all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in out environment |
| figure-ground relationship | segmenting our visual world into figure and ground |
| fovea | small indentation in the retina that contains cones |
| frequency | number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period |
| Gestalt psychology | field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts |
| pupil | small opening in the eye through which light passes |
| proximity | things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together |
| proprioception | perception of body position |
| principle of closure | organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts |
| place theory of pitch perception | different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies |
| pitch | perception of a sound’s frequency |
| pinna | visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head |
| photoreceptor | light-detecting cell |
| pheromone | chemical message sent by another individual |
| perceptual hypothesis | educated guess used to interpret sensory information |
| perception | way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced |
| peak | (also, crest) highest point of a wave |
| pattern perception | ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes |
| Pacinian corpuscle | touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations |
| optic nerve | carries visual information from the retina to the brain |
| optic chiasm | X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain |
| opponent-process theory of color perception | color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green |
| olfactory receptor | sensory cell for the olfactory system |
| olfactory bulb | bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin |
| nociception | sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain |
| neuropathic pain | pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system |
| Meniere's disease | results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear |
| monocular cue | cue that requires only one eye |
| monaural cue | one-eared cue to localize sound |
| Merkel's disk | touch receptor that responds to light touch |
| Meissner's corpuscle | touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations |
| malleus | middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer |
| linear pespective | perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge |
| lens | curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye |
| knesthesia | perception of the body's movement through space |
| just noticeable difference | difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli |
| iris | colored portion of the eye |
| interaural timing difference | small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear |
| interaural level difference | sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head |
| inflammatory pain | signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred |
| incus | middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil |
| inattentional blindness | failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention |
| hertz (Hz) | cycles per second; measure of frequency |
| hair cell | auditory receptor cell of the inner ear |
| good continuation (continuity) | we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines |
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