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Psych Chapter 5
chapter 5 definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience |
| Classical Conditioning | The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit response identical or similar to one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing or association of the two stimuli |
| Learning by Association | learn to connect or associate two stimuli- the sound of dental drill and pain, salivating when you drive by a bakery |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | an unlearned response to a stimulus “unlearned”, reflexive behavior: food is placed on a dogs tongue it salivates |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response: dogs food |
| Neutral Stimulus | a stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response: tone produced by a bell does not elicit salvation |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | an acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus: salvation to a tone |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response |
| Spontaneously Recovery | the spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction- happens faster |
| Reconditioning | the process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction |
| Stimulus Generalization | the tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
| Déjà vu | a feeling of having been in a place before when you have never been there- could be evoked by stimuli |
| Stimulus Discrimination | the tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response |
| Frequency of pairings | more often the CS is paired with the US, the stronger and more reliable the CR will be |
| Timing | the strongest CRs occur when the CS is presented first and remains present throughout the administration of the US |
| Intensity of the US | a stronger US will typically lead to faster conditioning than a weaker one |
| Conditioned Stimuli | signals or cues that organisms use to make predictions -Built in “early warning system” |
| Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) | an emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning |
| Phobias | excessive fears of particular objects or situations |
| Behavior Therapy | a form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning |
| Conditioned Taste Aversion | aversions to particular tastes acquired through classical conditioning |
| Immune System | classical conditioning even extends to the body’s system of defense against disease |
| Puzzle Box | a cage in which an animal had to perform a simple act |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike’s principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur (reinforcement & punishment) |
| Operant Conditioning | the process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated • Skinner was the most famous and controversial psychologist at the time |
| Radical Behaviorism | the philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences o Free will is an illusion/myth |
| Skinner Box | cage that contains a food-release mechanism the animal activates when it acts in a certain way (pressing a lever) |
| Operant Response | a response that operates on the environment to produce certain consequences |
| Operant Conditioning | instrumental learning- behavior is instrumental bringing about rewards and consequences |
| Reinforcer | a stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated o Answering questions when students raise their hand o Longer reinforcement is delayed, weaker the effect |
| Superstitious behavior | In Skinner’s view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement |
| Positive Reinforcement | the strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs o Money, food, social approval |
| Negative Reinforcement | the strengthening of a response through the removal of a unpleasant stimulus after the response occurs o Noise, cold, pain, picking up a child to stop the crying |
| Primary Reinforcers | food, sexual stimulation, that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives o Food, water, sleep, relief from pain, novel visual stimuli (holograms) |
| Secondary Reinforcers | learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers) o Good grades, smiles, recognition, praise |
| Discriminative Stimulus | a cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response o When the person is down in the dumps you don’t ask them for help because their facial clues serve as the discriminative stimuli |
| Shaping | a process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response o Rewarding as the rat goes closer and closer to the lever |
| Extinction | the process by which responses are weakened and eventually eliminated when the response is repeatedly performed but is no longer reinforced o If you raise your hand and are never called on stop raising your hand |
| Schedule of Reinforcement | predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement |
| Schedule of Continuous Reinforcement | a system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced |
| Schedule of partial reinforcement | a system of reinforcement in which only a portion of responses in reinforced o More resistant to extinction |
| Ratio Schedules | based on the number of responses (much faster rates) |
| Interval Schedules | based on the timing of responses |
| Escape Learning | the learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus by performing an operant response o Negatively reinforced- a rat is taught to press a bar to turn off a shock |
| Avoidance Learning | the learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid aversive stimulus o Opening your umbrella to not get drenched by the rain |
| Punishment | the introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response |
| Positive Punishment | an aversive/unpleasant is imposed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior which overtime tends to reduce the frequency of the undesired behavior Spanking a child for talking back |
| Negative Punishment | - a reinforcing stimulus is removed as a consequence of an undesirable behavior, which over time reduces the frequency of the undesirable behavior Taking away privileges, time out |
| Biofeedback Training | a technique for teaching people to change certain bodily responses |
| Behavior Modification (B-mod) | the systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior |
| Token Economy Program | a form of behavior modification in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers |
| Programmed Instruction | a learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace |
| Computer Assisted Instruction | a form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly difficult questions |
| Cognitive Learning | learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it |
| Wolfgang Kohler | place bananas outside of cage but in reach with a stick, chimp reached the bananas with the stick, then he put the bananas farther out and the chimp connected two sticks to get the bananas |
| Insight Learning | the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs |
| Latent Learning | learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided |
| Cognitive Map | a mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another |
| Observational learning (vicarious learning/modeling) | learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others and the person who’s behavior is observed is called the model |
| Albert Bandura | believe that children learn to imitate aggressive behavior they observe in home, in the schoolyard and on TV |
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