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Pharmacology Ch. 6
Anesthetics and Narcotis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| consists of the afferent and efferent system | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| composed of the nerves and sense organs that bring information to the CNS | afferent system |
| made up of the nerves that dispatch information from the CNS | efferent system |
| regulates activities of structures that are not under voluntary control and below the level of consciousness. Controls respiration, circulation, digestion, body temperature, metabolism, blood glucose, pupil size, GI mobility, sweating | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
| concerned with skeletal muscles, which perform voluntary actions | Somatic Nervous |
| major neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine, GABA, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Glutamate |
| neurotransmitter that starts movement | Acetylcholine |
| neurotransmitter that regulates the message delivery system of the brain | GABA |
| Neurotransmitter that stop movement and change mood | Dopamine |
| Neurotransmitters that is the fight or flight | Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine |
| Neurotransmitter that is emotional responses to certain stimuli | Serotonin |
| Neurotransmitter that is the learning and memory | Glutamate |
| constrict blood vessels | alpha receptors |
| expands the blood vessels, lower blood pressure | alpha blocker |
| increase the heart rate and contractive force of the heart | Beta-1 receptors |
| influence bronchodilation | Beta- 2 receptors |
| not good for asthma | Beta blockers |
| Constipation, decrease sweating, decreased urination, dilated pupil, dry eyes, dry mouth | side effects of anticholinergic drugs |
| effects of anesthesia that all nerve tissue function in the peripheral system is depressed | Nervous system |
| effect of anesthesia that generally irritates the respiratory tract and salivary glands, causing increased mucus secretion, coughing, and spasm. | Respiratory system |
| effect of anesthesia that causes urinary retention | Endocrine System |
| effect of anesthesia that causes the activity of cardiac muscle to reduce which will reduce blood pressure | Cardiovascular system |
| effect of anesthesia that causes muscle relaxation | Skeletal Muscular system |
| effect of anesthesia that can cause nausea and vomiting | GI system |
| the goals of anesthesia are: | amnesia, adequate muscle relaxation, adequate ventilation, and pain control |
| general anesthesia is characterized by 4 reversible actions | unconsciousness, analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, and amnesia |
| alleviate pain and depress the respiratory center | narcotics |
| most used preoperative sedatives, relieve anxiety and act as an anticonvulsant | benzodiazepines |
| antiemetic properties and have sedative effects | phenothiazines |
| rare but serious side effects of anesthesia and is associated with a marked increase in intracellular calcium levels. rapid rise in body temperature, irregular heart beat and breathing | Malignant hyperthermia |
| treatment of malignant hyperthermia involves the IV fusion of __________ | Dantrium |
| not a potent anesthetic and is usually used with other agents | nitrous oxide |
| a mild stimulant of salivary secretions and high concentrations may stimulate seizures in susceptible patients, causes uterine relaxation which prohibits its use during labor | Ethrane |
| produces a high incidence of moderate to severe upper respiratory irritation for children and is therefor not recommended for use in the pediatric population for induction of anesthesia | Suprane |
| Other inhaled anesthetics | Forane and Ultane |
| used extensively for open-heart surgery. it also comes as a lozenge and used in children | Fentanyl |
| patients must be continuously monitored | Lusedra |
| patient appears to be awake but neither responds to pain nor remembers the procedure | Ketamine |
| changes urine color to green, pink, and rust. Must be discarded after 12 hours. stable in glass containers | Diprivan |
| in patient who are awake these agents may cause excitement or delirium in the presence of pain | Pentothal |
| Other injectable anesthetics | Amidate and Versed |
| antagonizes benzodiazepines | romazicon |
| antagonist that competes for the opiate receptor sites and is a narcotic | Narcan |
| paralyze the patient skeletal muscles, which enables the surgeon to operate with greater accuracy and safety, should always be flagged | neuromuscular blocking agents |
| Neuromuscular blocking agent "sux" | Succinylcholine |
| anticholinesterase agents | Mestinon |
| produces a transient and reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body | local anesthesia |
| in response to the activity of the anesthetic, functions is lost in the following order: | Pain perception, temperature sensation, touch sensation, proprioception,skeletal muscle tone |
| this should not be used as a vasoconstrictor in areas of fingers, toes, ears, nose, or external genitals | Epinephrine |
| comes as a patch, worn for 12 hours and then removed for 12 hours | Lidocaine |
| what is considered as the fifth vital sign | pain |
| pain that usually disappears when the body heals | acute |
| pain that lasts for more than three months | chronic nonmalignant |
| accompanies malignant disease | chronic malignant |
| physiologic responses to pain | catabolism, delayed stomach and bowel function, impaired immune response, increased autonomic activity, negative emotional response, water retention |
| pain modulating chemical that tends to cause insensibility or stupor | narcotic |
| narcotics have the following effects | analgesia, sedation, euphoria and dysphoria |
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