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Chapter Twelve
Comparative Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This behavioral mechanism appears in full form when first elicited by a stimulus: | instinct |
| The name given to instinctual responses is _____ _____ _____. | fixed action pattern |
| The sign stimulus that releases the fixed action pattern was given the name _____ _____ _____by Tinbergen and Lorenz. | innate releasing mechanism |
| The simple nature of the sign stimulus allows a form of mimicry called _____ _____. | code breaking |
| The neural mechanism of bats and their prey, moths, illustrate the function of _____. | neuron |
| Bats use ultrasound _____ to fly at night, avoid obstacles, and locate prey. | echolocation |
| Moths are sensitive to ultrasound and use this sensitivity to _____ bats. | avoid |
| The active ultrasound receptors of the moth are located in the thorax and consist of a tympanum which _____ and two receptors _____ and _____. | vibrates, A1, A2 |
| When the tympanum is stimulated, stretch receptors initiate an inward flow of _____. | ions |
| Ions are charged _____. | particles |
| The change in electrical balance between the inside and outside of the stretch receptors is a brief all or _____ electrical signal called an action _____. | none, potential |
| When the action potential reaches the end of the axon of the neuron, _____ are released. These stimulate the next neuron in the chain called an _____. | neurotransmitters; interneuron |
| Signals ultimate reach other cells that in turn stimulate motor or _____ cells to respond. | muscle |
| The bat can only sense moths when the moth is within _____ meters, but the moth can sense the bat at _____ meters. | 3, 30 |
| The intensity of the bat’s cries effect the firing rate of the A1 receptors allowing the moth\ to tell if the bat is _____ or leaving. | approaching |
| The fact that there are two tympanums, one on each side of the body, allows the moth to sense the _____ of a bat’s approach. | direction |
| This information allows the moth to avoid the bat but if the bat is within one meter, the A2 receptors become active and an _____ _____ in the form of a quick dive is initiated. | evasive maneuver |
| Specialized sensitivities have evolved relative to the special needs. Bees perceive _____ radiation because it is reflected by flowers, their source of nectar. | ultraviolet |
| Butterflies use UV to identify species and _____. | sex |
| Monarch butterflies migrate only during the day suggesting they use some form of solar radiation in conjunction with a biological clock for navigation. The solar component is _____ light. | polarized |
| Polarized light is caused by scattering which causes some rays to vibrate _____ to the sun’s rays. | perpendicular |
| Tethered monarchs captured during migration season who were allowed to see the sky but not the sun were able to orient in the direction of their _____ path. | migratory |
| Filtration which changed the orientation of the polarized light 90 degrees caused the monarchs to change their orientation by _____ degrees. | ninety |
| Internal biological clocks are necessary for orientation. Homing pigeons were kept in a room six hours out of phase with actual sunrise and sunset. When released at noon, their direction corresponded to what would have been appropriate at _____. | sunrise |
| Interference with appropriate motor responses can be accomplished by inactivating interneurons. This prevents messages from reaching the _____ _____ _____. | central nervous system |
| The Teleogyrus cricket, also a food for bats, had interference with its primary interneuron, the Int-1, experimentally induced. It will then not steer away from _____. | ultrasound |
| If the int-1 is electrically stimulated, the avoidance response will _____ as if ultrasound was present. | respond |
| The escape mechanisms of the moth and cricket are one step. Coordinated responses require a _____ _____ _____. | central pattern generator |
| The sea slug provides an example of central pattern generators. It ability to move by forming U’s and inverted U’s is a function of a reciprocal pattern of dorsal and ventral swim _____. | interneurons |
| Some vertebrates such as the song producing male plain-fin midshipman _____ have central pattern generators. | fish |
| The fact that neurons and neural networks focus on biologically relevant stimuli out of the vast array available is called _____ _____. | stimulus filtering |
| Stimulus filtering in all species studied is related directly or indirectly to _____ _____. | reproductive success |
| Stimulus filtering occurs at three levels, the _____, the _____, and ultimately at the _____. | receptor, interneuron, brain |
| In mammals to include man, the specialized area of the brain for sensory reception is called the _____- _____ cortex. | somatosensory |
| The amount of tissue devoted to the various senses is proportional to the importance of that sense to the species. Amount of tissue invested in sensory importance is called _____ _____. | cortical magnification |
| Cognition generally refers to our ability to solve problems, think logically, and employ _____ _____. | rational thought |
| Intelligence requires a massive investment in brain tissue. The hypothesis that says this investment occurred because of the selection pressure of reproductive success in a social environment is called the _____ _____ hypothesis. | Machiavellian intelligence |
| A derived prediction from a social hypothesis is that social animals would have _____ brains. | larger |
| Evidence of the larger brain being true in social animals comes from the spotted hyena and the _____. | dog |
| The importance of social groups to intelligence was demonstrated in a T-maze experiment with wasps. Social wasp species learned the maze quicker than _____ species. | solitary |
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