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Psychology
Terms for Test #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Structuralism | Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. |
| Functionalism | Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| Humanistic Psychology | Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential. |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language.) |
| Psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| Nature nurture Issue | The question of whether our human traits are present at birth, or do they develop through experience? |
| Natural Selection | nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| Evolutionary Psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. |
| Behavior Genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Positive Psychology | the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive |
| Levels of Analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychologyical, and social cultural levels of analysis |
| Basic Research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Counseling Psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
| Clinical Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. |
| Community Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social environments and social institutions affect individuals and groups |
| Testing Effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning |
| SQ3R | a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review |
| Relearning | A measure of learning that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system |
| Storage | The process of retaining information over time |
| Retrieval | The process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Parallel Processing | The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural made of information. Processing for many functions |
| Short Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored and forgotten |
| Sensory Memory | The immediate very buried recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Long Term Memory | The relatively permanent and timeless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills and experiences |
| Working Memory | A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory |
| Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. Also called declarative memory |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings |
| Implicit Memory | Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. Also known as non declaration memory |
| Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Memory Consolidation | The neural storage of a long term memory |
| Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Long Term Potentation | An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Hippocampus | A neural center located in the limbic system that processes explicit memories |
| Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Chunking | Organizing items into familiar manageable units often occurs automatically |
| Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use imagery and organizational devices |
| Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Shallow Processing | Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| Deep Processing | Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention |
| Priming | The activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | The idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall it. |
| Mood | Congruent memory; the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current. Good or bad mood |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list |
| Anterograde Amnesia | An inability to form new memories |
| Retograde Amnesia | An inability to retrieve information from one’s past |
| Proactive Interference | The forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | The backward acting disruptive effect of a new learning on the recall of old information |
| Repression | In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings and memories |
| Reconsolidation | A process which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again |
| Misinformation | When misleading information has corrupted one’s memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. This is at the heart of many false memories |
| Déjà vu | The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| Scientific Method | Construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observation. |
| Cerebellum | A neural center in the hindbrain that processes implicit memories |
Created by:
bhemlepp
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