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Tera's Pharm
LP3 Chapters Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the nine categories for gastrointestinal drugs? | -Antacids, -Agents for ulcers and GERD, -Gastric mucosal agents, -GI antispasmodic or anticholinergics, -Agents for IBD, -Antidiarrheal, -Antiflatulents, -Laxatives and cathartics, -Antiemetics |
| What does pyrosis mean? | Heartburn |
| what does dyspepsia mean? | acid indigestion |
| What percent of the population does pyrosis and dyspepsia effect? | 40% |
| How do antacids work? | They partially neutralize gastric hydrochloric acid |
| T or F: antacids are also used at times as supplemental agents in the management of esophageal reflux | True |
| Antacid products may contain....? | Aluminum, calcium carbonate, magnesium *most also contain sodium |
| Antacids should not be taken within __ hrs of taking other medications. | 2 hrs |
| Antacids should not be taken for more than ___ weeks. | 2 weeks * may cause GI bleeding, GI malignancy, and increase excess acid in the stomach |
| What conditions require the avoidance of antacids? | Cardiac, renal, liver disease or fluid retention |
| What should patients with esophageal reflux who are taking medications be instructed to do to relieve their symptoms? | Avoid constrictive clothing, treat obesity, reduce meal size, avoid laying down after meals, restrict alcohol use, eliminate smoking, and elevate the head of the bed during sleep. |
| The histamine receptors found in the stomach are called? | H2 receptors |
| H2 receptor antagonists reduce gastric acid secretion by acting as ______ ______? | histamine2 blockers |
| What does GERD stand for? | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| contraindications for H2 blockers? | Renal disease, pregnancy, lactation |
| What is GERD caused by? | Excessive reflux of acidic gastric into the esophagus, resulting in irritation or injury to the esophagal mucosa characterized by heartburn and acid indigestion. |
| PPI | Proton pump inhibitor (antisecretory agent) |
| What are proton pump inhibitors used for ? (short term) | the short term relief of GERD, the short term treatment of confirmed gastric and duodenal ulcers, and for erosive esophagitis and heartburn |
| Long term use of proton pump inhibitors? | Severe GERD, preventing NSAID-induced ulcers, and hypersecretory conditions. |
| Patients undergoing ulcer therapy should be instucted regarding? | -Avoid cigarettes, importance of communication with physician, reduce stress, take meds on regular basis, take meds as they are instructed. |
| How should sucralfate be taken? | 1 hr before meals, on an empty stomach, and not within 2h of other meds |
| How should misoprostol be taken? | With meals and at bedtime with food, and avoiding magnesium products to lessen the incidence of diarrhea. |
| How should PPIs be taken? | On an empty stomach *rabeprazole and pentoprazole can be taken without regard to meals |
| Patients treated with bismuth subsalicylate should be instructed regarding: | Do not take for longer than 48h or with fever, diet should be bland w/o roughage, get plenty of fluids, do not take if aspirin allergy, or if already taking an aspirin product, contact dr with any issues or blood in stool. |
| Patient info for antidiarrheal drugs: | Short term use only (48h), get plenty of water, bland diet (BRAT) |
| Patients taking bulk forming laxatives info: | Dissolve completely in water, administer immediately before thickening occurs |
| Patients taking stool softeners info: | Discontinue with any diarrhea or abdominal pain, do not use longer than 1 week, interaction with mineral oil, take large quantities of water |
| Patients taking mineral oil info: | Avoid prolonged use, interaction with docusate, never take at bedtime |
| Patients taking stimulant laxatives info: | Strong warning on prolonged use and dependence. |
| Patient info for constipation issues | high fiber diet, plenty of water, develop good bowel habits, exercise, use only mildest laxatives for a short amount of time |
| Side effects of antacids? | constipation, diarrhea, kidney stones, osteoporosis, belching and flatulence |
| Contraindications of antacids? | Hear failure, kidney disease, cirrhosis of liver, dehydration |
| side effects of h2 blockers? | diarrhea, dizziness, rash, headache, mild confusion |
| Side effects of PPIs? | diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, increased risk for pneumonia or intestinal infection (C-dif) |
| How does misoprostol (a gastric mucosal agent) work? | It inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects the mucosa from irritants |
| How does sucralfate (a gastric mucosal agent) work? | It reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form a paste that adheres to the mucosa *taken on empty stomach |
| Helicobacter pylori plays a major role in the development of what conditions? | gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulceration, and gastric cancer |
| side effects of salicylates | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, headache, weakness, dizziness, rash |
| contraindications of salicylates | allergy to salicylates, renal and hepatic impairment |
| glucocorticoids- example and what it is used for | prednisone, used to treat IBD patients who are inadequately controlled with salicylates. |
| Side effects of bismuth subsalicylate | constipation, discoloration of tongue and stool (black), ringing in ears |
| Opiate agonists- how do they work? | by slowing intestinal motility |
| One of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. | Clostridium difficile (C-dif) |
| Laxative used for? | promote evacuation of the intestine and are used to treat constipation |
| Bulk forming laxatives work by? | softening stool by absorbing water and increase fecal mass to facilitate defecation |
| Emollients work by? | promoting stool movement through the intestines by softening and coating the stool |
| Saline laxatives work by? | promote the secretion of water into the intestinal lumen |
| Stimulant laxatives work by? | producing strong peristaltic activity, and may also alter intestinal secretions |
| Osmotic laxatives work by? | drawing water from tissues into the feces and stimulates evacuation |
| Chloride channel activators are? | a unique oral agent for the treatment of constipation. It increases intestinal fluid secretion by activating chloride channels in the intestinal epithelium |
| What are antiemetics used for? | the prevention or treatment of nausea, vomiting, vertigo, or motion sickness |
| what are anticholinergics used for? | prophylaxis of motion sickness |
| antidopaminergics are used for? | nausea and vomiting |
| What does CTZ stand for? | chemoreceptor trigger zone |
| serotonin-receptor antagonists are used for? | control emesis, (pre-op and post-op), cancer patients |
| What does PONV stand for? | post-operative nausea and vomiting |
| What does CINV stand for? | chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting |
| What does MOM stand for? | milk of magnesia |
| what does PEG stand for? | polyethylene glycol |
| T or F, diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) is a controlled substance? | True |
| Most common antacids? | calcium carbonate (Tums) |
| T or F: antacids decrease the absorption of other meds? | True |
| H2 blockers have what common suffix? | -tidine |
| PPIs should be taken how? | before meals and swallowed whole |
| What comes first, H2 blockers or PPIs? | H2 blockers |
| T or F: PPIs do not interact with cardiac meds? | False |
| PPIs should be taken on an ____ stomach | empty |
| What is the type of med used mainly for ulcers, and it inhibits pepsin? | gastric mucosal agents |
| four main categories of reproductive hormones? | gonadotropic, androgens, estrogens, progestins |
| reproductive hormones are secreted by? | the pituitary gland |
| gonadotropic hormones include? (3) | -follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -luteinizing hormones (LH) -luteotropic hormone (LTH) |
| what do follicle stimulating hormones do? | -stimulates the development of ovarian follicles in the female -stimulates sperm production in the testes |
| What do luteinizing hormones do? | works with FSH to induce secretion of estrogen, ovulation and development |
| What do luteotropic hormones do? | stimulate secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum and secretion of milk by the mammary gland |
| androgens include? (2) | testosterone and androsterone |
| routes for administering testosterone? | buccal, parenteral, and transdermal ----topical is used first, and injection is used if topical doesn't work |
| androgens are used for? | replacement, congenital and aquired hypogonadism, treatment of endometriosis and breast diseases |
| side effects of local testosterone? | skin irritation, acne |
| where is local testosterone administered? | inner thigh, tricep |
| follow up testing after testosterone administration? | every 6 weeks |
| contraindications of androgens | cardiac, renal, and liver dysfunction,diabetes |
| all non-combination products in the androgens class are classified as....? | Clll controlled substances |
| phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE) are? | a class of drugs given orally for the treatment of male ED, they work by relaxing smooth muscle increasing blood flow to the area |
| PDEs should not be used with what? | nitrates or alpha-blockers(this combined with PDEs lower blood pressure)......also grapefruit juice |
| Estrogen is? | the female sex hormone. produced in the ovaries and secondary in adrenal glands. responsible for secondary sexual characteristics, and secretion of hormones FSH and LH from pituitary gland |
| What is used to treat menopausal symptoms? | Estrogen, along with progesterone( HT= hormone therapy) |
| ET stands for? | Estrogen therapy |
| Estrogen alone has been linked with the risk of what condition? | endometrial carcinoma |
| EPT stands for? | estrogen and progestin therapy |
| Side effects of estrogen? | thromboembolic disorders, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke |
| Progesterone is secreted by? | the corpus luteum and adrenal glands |
| progestins are used? | in the treatment of amenorrhea, endrometriosis, and functional uterine bleeding...also contraceptives |
| contraceptives work how? | suppressing the release of the pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) |
| progestin only contraceptives work by? | inhibiting ovulation, changing the amount of thickness of the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm transport |
| Patient education for contraceptives? | backup needed within 1st month of oral and first two weeks with depo...take at same time everyday, use back ups with antibiotics, and ACHES |
| What does ACHES stand for? | A-abdominal pain C-chest pain H-headaches E-eye problems S-severe leg pain |
| progestin-only contraceptives are recommended for patients who......? | do not tolerate estrogen or in whom it is contraindicated. |
| progestin-containing IUD- example and coverage lasts for ___ years? | Mirena, 5years |
| postcoital contraception must be administered within...? | 72 hours |
| There are three ways to start contraception. list them. | first day start, sunday start, today start. *most physicians do the sunday start |
| estrogen and progestin is used for....? | birth control, replacement therapy, and certain cancers |
| How do you know that a med is a contraceptive? | it has the term "estradiol" on the label |
Created by:
JenSaw77
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