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Psychology
Exam #1
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Founder of Psychology and first psych laboratory | William Wundt |
| Science of behavior and mental processes | Psychology |
| Mind | Psyche |
| Study or Knowledge | Logos |
| Cognitive factors that influence behavior | 1) value placed on different objects or goals 2) expectancies about the outcomes of behavior |
| Founded by G. Stanley Hall | American Psychology Association (APA) |
| Careful self examination and reporting of one's conscious experiences | Introspection |
| Attempt to define structure of mind by breaking down mental experiences into their component parts Discovered by Edward Titchener | Structuralism |
| Founder of American Psychology | William James |
| German word meaning "unitary form" or "pattern" | gestalt |
| studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions of the world in terms of meaningful patterns or wholes | Gestalt Psychology |
| Founder of Gestalt Psychology | Max Werthemier |
| Psychology should limit itself to the study of overt behavior that observers could record and measure | Behaviorism |
| Founder of Behaviorism | American psychologist John Brodus Watson |
| Who made behaviorism popular in the 1920s? | B.F. Skinner |
| How did behaviorism become popular? | behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments |
| Austrian psychologist who discovered the unconscious; childhood experiences shape behavior | Sigmund Freud |
| focuses on the role of the unconscious motivation and importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality | Psychodynamic perspective |
| focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior | Behavioral Perspective |
| Believes that free will and conscious choice are essential aspects of human experience | Humanistic perspective |
| focuses on the relationships between biological processes and behavior | Physiological perspective |
| focuses on the process by which we acquire knowledge of the world | Cognitive perspective |
| approach that emphasizes the role of social and cultural influences on behvior | Sociocultural |
| contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior | Social Cognitive Theory |
| Why was the Humanistic Perspective a "Third Force"? | rejected beliefs from behaviorism and psychodynamic psychology |
| emphasizes study of human virtues and assets whether than weaknesses (love, hope, happiness) | Positive psychology |
| apply experimental methods to the study of behavior and mental processes | Experimental psychologist |
| evaluate and treat individuals with mental or psychological disorders | Clinical psycologists |
| help people clarify their goals and make life decisions or find ways of overcoming problems | Counseling psychologists |
| evaluate and assist children with learning problems or other special needs | School psychologists |
| study issues relating to the measurement of intelligence and the process involved in achievment | Educational psychologists |
| focus on processes involving physical, cognitive, social and personality development | Developmental psychologists |
| study characteristics and behaviors that distinguish us as individuals and make us consistent | Personality psychologists |
| study group or social influences on behavior and attitudes | Social psychologists |
| study relationships between the physical environment and behavior | Environmental psychologists |
| study people's behavior at work | industrial/organizational psychologists |
| focus on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health | Health psychologists |
| study why people buy particular products and brands | Consumer psychologists |
| study relationships between the brain and behavior | neuropsychologists |
| focus on psychological processes involved in aging | geropsychologists |
| involved in the application of psychology to the legal system | Forensic psychologists |
| apply psychology to understanding and improving athletic performance | Sport psychologists |
| Irregularities in the utilization of _______ in the brain may help explain the development of schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder | dopamine |
| Earliest woman pioneer in psychology, developed new theory of color vision, received PhD. in 1926 | Christine Ladd-Franklin |
| factor or measure that varies within an experiment or among individuals | variable |
| formulation that accounts for relationships among observed events or experimental findings in ways that make them more understandable and predictable | theory |
| attempt to duplicate findings | replication |
| A precise prediction about the outcomes of an experiment | hypothesis |
| nerve cells; basic building block of the nervous system | neuron |
| the small fluid-filled gap between neurons through which neurotransmitters carry neural impulses | synapses |
| root-like structures at the end of axons that receive neural impulses from neighboring neurons | dendrite |
| cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus of the cell and carries out the cell's metabolic functions | soma |
| tube-like part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body toward other neurons | axon |
| swellings at the tips of axons from which neurotransmitters are dispatched into the synapse | terminal buttons |
| What do neurons do? | accomplish tasks through messages |
| convey messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles that control movement | motor (efferent) neurons |
| transmit information about the outside world to the brain and spinal cord | sensory (afferent) neurons |
| connect neurons to neurons | interneurons (associative) |
| Reduced levels of ______ in the brain may play a role in emotional disorders, such as panic disorder | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| a layer of protective insulation that covers the axons of certain neurons and helps speed transmission of nerve impulses (fatty layer of cells) | myelin sheath |
| ability of the brain to adapt itself after trauma or surgical alteration | plasticity |
| drugs that either increase the availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters or mimic their actions | agonists |
| drugs that block the actions of neurotransmitters by occupying the receptor sites in which the the neurotransmitters dock | antagonists |
| the brain and spinal cord are part of the _____ | central nervous system |
| the part of the nervous system that connects your central nervous system with other parts of your body (organs, muscles, glands) is the _____ | peripheral nervous system |
| Regulates involuntary bodily processes such as heart rate, digestion, pupil contraction, etc | autonomic nervous system |
| The central nervous system is also known as the _____ | master control system |
| Name the 3 parts of the brain | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| regulates many vital bodily functions (hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, body temp) | the forebrain structure, the hypothalamus |
| regulates balance and coordination, initiates voluntary movements | the hindbrain structure, cerebellum |
| processes visual info, giving rise to sensation of vision | occipital lobes |
| processes info relating to sensations of touch, pressure, temp, pain and body movement | parietal lobes |
| controls motor responses and higher mental functions (thinking, planning, decision making, accessing memories, makes you "you") | frontal lobes |
| processes auditory info, giving rise to sensations of sound | temporal lobes |
| French surgeon; discovered language areas of the brain. Left frontal lobe = ______ area=production of speech | Paul Broca |
| Name several ways epilepsy can be treated. | surgery=cutting of the corpus callosum or medication |
| Phineas Gage was injured in an accident, what part of his brain was damaged and how did this affect him? | damaged prefrontal cortex: affects higher mental functions (thinking, planning, impulse control) impaired his ability to follow moral and social codes of conduct |
| an endocrine gland located near the stomach that produces the hormone insulin | pancreas |
| regulates concentration of sugar in the blood | insulin |
| small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin | pineal gland |
| hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles | melatonin |
| endocrine gland in the brain that produces various hormones involved in growth, regulation of menstrual cycle and childbirth | pituitary (master) gland |
| the specialization of the right and left cerebral hemispheres for particular functions | lateralization |
| cutting the corpus callosum | split-brain surgery |
Created by:
mcarraher16
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