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AP Psych LMHS U1
2015-2016 AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | study of behavior & mental processes |
| Empiricism | knowledge originates in experience |
| Structuralism | looks at the basic elements of consciousness (what you are sensing, what you are feeling); uses introspection |
| Functionalism | looks at the function of the elements of consciousness (WHY you are sensing, WHY you are feeling that way) |
| Gestalt Psychology | The whole is greater than the sum of the parts (looking at the whole person is more effective than its basic elements or why they feel those things) |
| Psychoanalysis | Early school of psychology; Freud; emphasis on unconscious motives/desires |
| Behaviorism | Early school of psychology; Watson, Pavlov, Skinner; emphasis on learned behaviors |
| Natural Selection | Best genes get passed on |
| Basic Research | research for the sake of knowledge |
| Applied Research | Problem solving with psychology |
| Clinical Psychologist | studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatrist | medical doctor; can give prescriptions |
| Pseudo-psychologies | NO EVIDENCE! |
| Hindsight bias | "I knew it all along" |
| Overconfidence | believe in something being better than actuality |
| Critical Thinking | does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions |
| Scientific Method | Structure for psychological research |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction |
| Operational Definition | define research variables |
| Replication | Repeating an experiment (hoping to get similar results) |
| Case Study | unique situation (1 or few ppl) |
| Survey | self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people |
| False Consensus Effect | overestimate extent to which others share our beliefs |
| Population | Whole group results should apply to |
| Random, Representative Sample | Large, randomly chosen group of people, mirroring population |
| Naturalistic Observation | Watching people in normal/natural situation |
| Observer Bias | observers see what they wanted to see |
| Correlation | relationship between variables |
| Correlation Coefficient | r; describes strength of relationship (-1 to +1) |
| Scatterplot | Dots representing data for correlation purposes |
| Experiment | used to show cause and effect between variables |
| Independent variable | What the research manipulates |
| Dependent variable | What the researcher measures |
| Confounding variables | other variables that might accidentally impact results |
| Experimental group | group that receives the condition(treatment) |
| Control group | group that DOES NOT receive condition |
| Random Assignment | randomly putting participants into groups (Exp or Control) |
| Placebo Effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone |
| Expectancy effects | experimenter accidentally gives away purpose; participant acts as they think they should act |
| Single-Blind Experiment | participant doesn't know if they're exp or control |
| Double-Blind Experiment | participant AND researcher don't know if participant is exp or control |
| Descriptive Statistics | describes sets of data. |
| Mean | average |
| Median | Middle number (if even, find average of the 2 middle #s) |
| Mode | number appearing most |
| Range | highest # minus lowest # |
| Standard Deviation | average spreadness of data away from the mean |
| Inferential Statistics | can we apply our sample to the population? |
| Statistical Significance | how likely results occurred by chance |
| Reliability | are results consistent? |
| Validity | does the test measure what it's supposed to |
| Introspection | looking inward at feelings, sensations, and images |
| Socrates & Plato | separate mind & body; mind lives after body dies; thoughts are innate; dualists |
| Aristotle | connected mind & body; body dies, mind dies; thoughts come from experience; monist |
| Francis Bacon | founded experimental method |
| Descartes | separate mind & body; animal spirits allow mind & body to communicate; dualist |
| John Locke | "Tabula Rasa" mind is a blank sheet on which experience writes; monist |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | first female APA president |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first female to receive Ph.D in Psychology |
| Charles Darwin | "survival of the fittest;" his ideas helped William James create functionalism |
| Sigmund Freud | founder of psychoanalysis; focused on unconcsious |
| William James | founder of functionalism; wrote first psychology textbook "The Principles of Psychology" |
| Ivan Pavlov | Behaviorist; used dogs to test learning principles |
| B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist; used pigeons to test learning principles |
| John B. Watson | Behaviorist: with Rosalie Rayner conducted "Little Albert" experiment on learning fears |
| Wilhelm Wundt | "Father of Psychology;" Opened first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany (1879); structuralist; student was Titchener |
| Edward Titchener | structuralist; student of Wundt's |
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