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Chapter Three
Comparative Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Whether social behavior is adaptive has to be based on a _____ analysis ? | cost-benefit |
| Cliff swallows are colonial and gain a benefit in foraging for flying insects. The cost they pay for colonial life is _____ disease carried by transient birds attracted to the site. | parasitic |
| Cooperation is a form of social interaction in which benefits occur _____? | right away/immediately |
| Brown-necked Ravens hunt lizards in groups. Two guard the entrance blocking the possibility of escape whereas the others kill the lizard. This is an example of _____. | cooperation |
| Brightly colored lazuli bunting males [a finch] drive away intermediately colored males but allow dull brown males to nest near them. Cite a benefit of this cooperative behavior for the brightly colored male. Breed with _____. | breed with dull brown cows |
| The subservient role of the beta male in the African long-tailed manakin courtship display puts him in the queue to become an alpha. This may take ten years. He may become an alpha when the current alpha _____. | delayed/postponed |
| A social interaction in which an individual or a group of individuals directly pay back in kind for help is called _____? | reciprocity |
| In a demonstration of reciprocity among pied flycatchers, the group which had been helped reciprocated in _____ of thirty-two trials whereas the control group did not. | thirty |
| Vampire bats unable to collect sufficient blood for three consecutive nights will die. Fellow bats who collect excess blood will regurgitate it to save their fellows. This behavior forms _____ relationships. | durable |
| The term _____ selection was used in Chapter 2 to embrace altruistic aid given to relatives other than direct offspring. | kin |
| The term adaptive altruism is sometimes used for kin selection because the sacrifice of direct fitness leads to an overall gain _____ fitness. | indirect |
| Adaptive altruism is exemplified by Belding’s ground squirrels. Females give more alarm calls when predators approach the colony than males even though it may lead to their demise. This is because females tend to live near their kin whereas males _____. | move away/disperse |
| There are two forms of reproductive altruism, obligate and _____. | facilitative |
| Obligate altruism is permanent and exemplified by the eusocial insects. Facilitative altruism is circumstantial and is found among species of _____. | birds |
| Among an African species of bird known as the pied kingfisher, some one year old males become primary helpers. Primary helpers aid the reproductive fitness of their _____. | parents |
| Since the survival rate of primary helpers is lower than males who assist non-related pairs, or those who become delayers, one must interpret the value of the behavior in evolutionary terms by _____ fitness. | indirect |
| The direct fitness gain of the secondary helper is best at 0.84 units and that of the primary helper second best at 0.41 units. The relative fitness loss by being a primary helper is, therefore, _____ units. | .43 |
| During year 1, when he didn't breed, primary helper aided his parents in producing on avg 1.8 more offspring. B/c one parent may die and be replaced, the avg degree of relatedness is taken at .32 & not .5. The indirect fitness gains is 1.8 x .32 or _____. | .58 |
| Since the indirect fitness gain is greater than the direct fitness loss, _____ rule applies and being a primary helper is adaptive. | Hamilton's |
| The pied kingfisher primary helpers raised their fitness _____ by increasing the production of non-descendant kin. | indirectly |
| The pied kingfisher secondary helper raised their fitness _____ because in being helpers to non-related pairs they gained access to breeding grounds and females. | directly |
| Jamieson proposed that helping at the nest could be a _____ side effect of other fitness enhancing traits. | maladaptive |
| Jamieson argued that delayed dispersal from the nest might be adaptive but that the begging behavior of later arriving nestlings initiated _____ behavior on the part of the young non-breeding adults. The two traits became associated. | parental |
| The maladaptive hypothesis suggests that the helper’s tendency to feed its parents offspring would interfere with its ability to care for its own offspring. The behavior is related to a hormone called _____. | prolactin |
| Since the hormone arises prior to the arrival of nestlings in the parents nest, the interpretation is that the hormone primes stay at home birds to become future _____. | parents |
| Stay at home birds gain in indirect fitness by helping parents raise more siblings than they could without help and gain in direct fitness by inheriting _____. | territory |
| Even if the breeding grounds are adequate and food is plentiful, removal of helpers at the nest leads to a drop in reproductive success of about _____ percent. | fifty |
| In the Sechellyes warbler, a number of variables contribute to becoming a helper at the nest. If helpers at the nest are transplanted to a non-saturated breeding site, they begin _____. | breeding |
| The Sechellyes warbler decision to be a helper is apparently influenced by the quality of the breeding grounds available and the ability to help _____ _____. | related kin |
| If parents die, helpers begin _____ _____ _____ _____. | begin breeding on their own |
| The extent to which birds engage in helping other nestlings depends on _____ of _____. | degree of relationship/relatedness |
| Helping at the nest is _____ common in species in which the female is promiscuous. | less |
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