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Psychology Research
GCSE unit 3 Research into Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | A statement predicting the outcome of research |
| Alternate hypothesis | A statement which predicts a difference or correlation in results |
| Null hypothesis | A statement which predicts no difference or correlation in results |
| Variable | Anything that is open to change |
| Independent variable | Something the researcher changes or manipulates |
| Dependent variable | Something that is measured to see if it has changed |
| Extraneous variable | A variable that could affect the dependent variable if not controlled |
| Standardisation | A way of controlling extraneous variables, to keep variables the same across all conditions |
| Experimental design | A way of allocating participants to conditions in an experiment |
| Repeated measures design | An experimental design in which the same participants take part in each condition |
| Independent groups design | An experimental design in which participants are different in each condition |
| Sample | A smaller group selected from a larger population |
| Target Population | The entire set of people researchers want to generalise their results to |
| Representative | An accurate reflection of a larger group |
| Random sample | A sample where everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen |
| Opportunity sample | A sample drawn from the target population because they are available and convenient |
| Ethical considerations | Issues of research that take into account the welfare of participants |
| Informed consent | When participants agree to take part in a study and also know the aim of the study |
| Right to withdraw | When participants are allowed to stop participating in a study or can stop the study altogether |
| Confidentiality | Protecting the identity of participants by not revealing names and other details |
| Experiment | A method by which the researcher controls variables and measures their effect |
| Laboratory experiment | An experiment carried out in a controlled environment |
| Field experiment | An experiment carried out in a natural environment |
| Self report | When participants report their own experiences |
| Questionnaire | A set of pre-determined questions which are the same for all respondents |
| Closed questions | Questions where there are set responses to chose from |
| Open questions | Questions for which there are no fixed responses, participants answer as they please |
| Interview | Face-to-face questioning |
| Structured interview | An interview with pre-set questions |
| Unstructured interview | An interview where questions may vary depending on the interviewees responses |
| Overt observation | To observe people with their knowledge |
| Covert observation | To observe people without them knowing |
| Participant observation | To observe people whilst joining in their activities |
| Non-participant observation | To observe people from a distance |
| Case study | An in-depth analysis of one person or group |
| Correlation study | A study that analysis two sets of data for a relationship |
| Longitudinal study | A study carried out over a long period of time |
| Cross sectional study | A study where two or more groups are compared, to investigate changes or differences |
| Quantitative data | Numerical data |
| Qualitative data | Descriptive data |
| Mode | Type of average, most popular score in a data set |
| Median | Type of average, the middle score when a data set is in numerical order |
| Mean | Type of average, the total of a data set divided by the number of scores in it |
| Table | A way of presenting data by summarising it under two headings |
| Bar chart | A chart that summarises data by using bars to represent the different frequencies of categories |
| Line graph | A graph that summarises data by using a line to show changes in the frequencies of scores |
| Validity | Reflecting the truth |
| Ecological Validy | Reflecting a real life situation |
| Reliability | Consistency, replicates itself |
| Inter-rater reliability | When two or more researchers agree on their findings |
| Demand characteristics | Cues in an experiment which give away the aim |
| Observer effect | When participants behave differently from usual because they know they're being observed |
| Social desirability | This describes the responses that participants give when they say what they believe the researcher wants to hear |
| Bias | Only viewing things from a certain perspective |
| Gender bias | Viewing things from the perspective of one gender |
| Cultural bias | Viewing things from the perspective of one culture |
| Experimenter bias | Setting up an experiment and or/interpreting the results to fit a certain idea or theory |
Created by:
stelsavelo
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