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Chapter 8
Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thinking | the mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing, and communicating of information |
| Symbol | an object or an act that stands for something else |
| Concept | a mental structure used to categorize objects, people, or events that share similar characteristics |
| Prototype | an example of a concept that best exemplifies that concept |
| Algorithm | a specific procedure that, when used properly and in the right circumstances, will always lead to the solution of a problem |
| Heuristics | rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us find the solution to a problem |
| Difference reduction | we identify our goal, we are in relation to it, and the direction we must go to move closer to it |
| Means-end analysis | we know that certain things we can do(means) will have certain results(ends) |
| Incubation effect | the tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem |
| Mental set | the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems |
| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of an object as being useful only to the function that the object is issued for |
| Convergent thinking | thought is limited to available facts |
| Divergent thinking | one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem |
| Reasoning | the use of information to reach conclusions |
| Premise | an idea or statement that provides the basic information that allows us to draw conclusions |
| Inductive reasoning | a form of thinking that involves using individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to look for information that confirms one's preconceived notions |
| Representativeness heuristic | people make decisions about a sample according to the population that the samples appear to represent |
| Availability heuristic | people make decisions on the basis of information that is available to them in their immediate consciousness |
| Anchoring heuristic | people make decisions based on certain ideas or standards they hold, ideas or standards that serve as an anchor for them |
| Framing effect | the way in which wording affects decision making |
| Language | the communication of ideas through symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar |
| Phonemes | the basic sounds of a language |
| Morphemes | the units of meaning in a language |
| Syntax | the way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences |
| Semantics | the study of meaning |
| Overregularization | the formation of plurals and the past tense of irregular nouns and verbs according to rules of grammar that apply to regular nouns and verbs; characteristic of the speech of young children |
| Language acquisition device | according to Chomsky, the inborn ability of humans to acquire language |
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briannab0126
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