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JR Year Final Review
Radiography, Anatomy and Positioning with Techniques
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The hand is turned palm downward. The movement is called | pronation |
| What is contralateral | parts on the opposite sides of the body |
| What is ipsilateral | parts on the same side of the body |
| A compound fracture indicates that | there is a breach in the skin overlying the fracture; broken bones project thru the skin |
| A compound fracture is also known as | open |
| Which vertebral level is located at the inferior costal margin | L2, L3 |
| What position or projection is being performed when the patient's right side is placed against the IR and the CR enters the left side of the body | right lateral |
| What are the four fundamental body planes | coronal, sagittal, transverse, oblique |
| In the leg, the fibula is ______ to the tibia | lateral |
| Where does secondary ossification occur | epiphyses, epiphyseal plate |
| Which plane transects the pelvis at the level of the 4th lumbar spinous process | interiliac plane |
| How many bones are in the axial skeleton | 206 |
| Which bones are included in the axial skeleton | 80 bones, skull, neck, thorax, vertebral column |
| How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton | 126 |
| Which bones are included in the appendicular skeleton | clavicle, scapula, humerus, fibula, tibia, radius, ulna, hands, feet, femora |
| Which body pane divides the body into right and left equal halves | midsagittal plane MSP |
| The middle and lateral regions of the abdomen | right lateral, left lateral, umbilical |
| The upper and lateral regions of the abdomen are named | right hypochondrium, left hypochondrium, epigastrium |
| chondra | cartilage |
| The lower and lateral regions of the abdomen are named | right and left inguinal, hypogastrium |
| Which anatomic term is the opposite meaning of distal | proximal |
| What is the classification of joints that mean slightly movable | ampiarthroses; symphysis (e.g. pubic symphysis, vertebral joints) |
| What is the classification of joints that mean immovable | synarthroses; fibrous (e.g. sutures in the skull, gomphosis in gums and teeth) |
| If a joint is classified as diarthroses it is | freely movable |
| The patient is lying on their abdomen. The CR is vertical and perpendicular to the floor. Which projection is being performed | PA |
| Which body habitus is described as a massive build with a short deep thorax | hypersthenic |
| The act of straightening a joint is termed | extension |
| What are the functions of the skeleton | storage for Ca, support the body, muscle attachment, protect internal organs, produce WBC/RBC, mechanical basis for movement |
| What is the Trendelenburg position | feet are tilted above the head (preemie position) |
| What is the Fowler position | the head is higher than the feet |
| What is the lithotomy position | knees and hips are flexed, thighs abducted and rotated laterally (papsmear position) |
| Which radiographic position is performed with the patient erect and facing the IR and the right side of the body turned 45 degrees toward the IR | RAO |
| How many vertebrae are in the sacrum | 5 fused |
| An abnormally increased concavity of the lumbar spine is termed | lordosis |
| The short ,thick processes that project posteriorly from each side of a vertebral body are called | pedicles |
| The zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine form an angle of how many degrees from the posterior midsagittal plane? | 30-60 |
| The intervertebral foramina of the superior four lumbar vertebrae are situated at how many degrees from the midsagittal plane? | 90 |
| The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed | spondylolisthesis |
| On each side of the sacral base is a large wing-like mass called the | ala |
| The angle of articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is: | 25-30 degrees |
| Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curveature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection | flex the knees and hips |
| Where is the CR directed for an AP lumbosacral spine? | iliac crests |
| The phase of respiration for an AP projection of the lumbar spine is | suspend at the end of expiration |
| What should be done prior to the patient getting up from the xray table | move the tube out of the way, lower the table, check that the image is optimal |
| Which of the following planes is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of the grid/IR for a lateral lumbar spine | MCP |
| While performing a lateral projection of the L5-S1 LS junction, the patient has a large waist, what would you do to ensure the CR passes parallel through the L5-S1 joint space? | direct the CR cephalad a few degrees to compensate |
| If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the CR should be angled how many degrees and in which direction: | 5 men, 8 women caudad |
| Which of the following describes the central ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection? | 2" posterior to ASIS and 1.5" inferior to iliac crests |
| What specific set of zygapophyseal joints is demonstrated in the RAO position | left/upside |
| How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint? | 25-30 |
| Women may not be shielded for an AP projection of: | sacrum and coccyx |
| Placement of a lead blocker on the table, directly behind the patient, during a lateral projection of the L-S spine will decrease the amount of scatter reaching the IR. True or False | True |
| Which of the following is defined as: malignancy involving the bone marrow | multiple myeloma |
| Which of the following positions are most commonly used to evaluate for motion in the area of interest following spinal fusion surgery? | lateral with hyperflexion and hyperextension |
| What is the term given to the superior surface of the sacrum? | base |
| On a radiograph of a well positioned oblique lumbar spine, you should see which of the following? | scotty dogs L1-L4 |
| The coccyx bone in the adult is described as the following? | 3-5 rudimentary vertebrae fused into one bone |
| A radiograph of a posterior oblique (LPO) reveals that the downside pedicles and zygapophyseal joints are projected over the posterior portion of the vertebral bodies of L1-L4. Which specific positioning error is evident here? | the patient is over rotated |
| A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the symphysis pubis is superimposed over the tip of the coccyx? What would you do to correct for this? | increase the caudad angle |
| What is the term given to the inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis condition that is most common in males in their 30's | ankylosing spondylitis |
| The symphysis pubis is at the same level as which of the following structures | tip of the coccyx |
| The nose of the scotty dog corresponds to what structure of the lumbar vertebrae | transverse process |
| The eye of the scotty dog corresponds to what structure on the vertebrae? | pedicle |
| A study is being performed on a child for scoliosis, the technologist could place the child PA to avoid any unnecessary exposure to the gonadal region and breasts. True or False | True |
| The Ferguson Method for scoliosis is performed with the patient supine. True or False | False |
| The body rotation required to visualize the lumbar zygagpophyseal joint varies depending upon what level is being observed. True or False | true |
| What is the condition which is characterized by thick, soft bone marked by bowing and fractures. | Paget's disease |
| The respiration instructions for radiography of the lumbar spine are | suspend at the end of expiration |
| In the AP oblique projection, RPO position, which of the following are demonstrated: | Zygapophyseal joints of the side closest to the IR (right side) |
| Would it be possible to provide an optimal image of an AP axial of the sacrum and coccyx using one exposure | No |
| When imaging the body to see the right sacroilac joint, you would rotate the patient __________ degrees toward the patient's ___________ side. | 25-30, left |
| During radiography for scoliosis, using the Frank method, 2, 14x17" cassettes are placed in a 14x34 inch plate. More commonly, what takes place during processing in order to have one resulting image displayed on the computer monitor | An image stitching tool is used in the processing of the 2 image plates to make it one image of the whole spine |
| The patient is lying on the back with the IR against the left side. The CR is horizontal and parallel to the floor entering the right side and exiting the left. What position is this | dorsal decubitus |
| Which radiographic projection is produced when the CR passes from the posterior aspect of the body to the anterior | PA |
| In what type of radiographic projection is the CR directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface | tangential |
| The term for movement of a body toward the central axis of the body or body part is | adduction |
| Which landmark corresponds with the 5th cervical vertebrae | thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence, adams apple |
| Which landmark corresponds with the 3rd thoracic vertebrae | hyoid bone |
| Which landmark corresponds with the 10th thoracic vertebrae | xiphoid process |
| Which vertebrae mark the anterior superior iliac spine | S1, S2 |
| Which body habitus is characterized by a long shallow thorax and frail build | asthenic |
| what is the term for the projection in which the CR angled longitudinally to the long axis of the body | axial |
| what are the 5 classifications of bones | flat, irregular, sesamoid, long, short |
| What structures are located in the thoracic cavity | pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, great vessels |
| A hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves is termed | foramen |
| What is the name of the position in which the patient is erect and leaning backward so only the shoulders are in contact with the IR | lordotic |
| Which 2 technical positions must be met in a decubitus position | Patient is recumbent and CR is horizontal and parallel to the floor |
| Describe a displaced fracture | bones are not in anatomical alignment |
| Describe a spiral fracture | bones are broken at a angle |
| Describe a compound fracture | bones project thru the skin |
| A supine position with the hips and knees flexed and the thighs abducted is called | lithotomy |
| The lining of the medullary cavity is called | endosteum |
| Which term defines towards the head of the body | cephalad |
| Which radiographic position is being performed w/the patient recumbent and facing the xray tube with the left side of the body turned 15 degrees toward the IR | LPO |
| What is the specific name of the projection in which the CR passes thru the medial aspect of the knee and exits thru the lateral | mediolateral |
| Which term describes the body part as seen by the IR | view |
| In which quadrant of the abdomen is the stomach located | Left upper quadrant |
| The 2 flat-like superior surfaces of the tibia are called the | tibial plateaus |
| The tibial plateaus slope | posteriorly 10-20 degrees |
| On the anterior surface of the tibia is a prominent process called the | tibial tuberosity |
| Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the | intercondylar fossa |
| When the femur is vertical, the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle by how many degrees different? | 5-7 |
| What is the small bump on the anterior distal surface of the tibia | anterior tubercle |
| The circular fibrocartilage disks or pads that lie on the tibial plateaus are called the | menisci |
| How many bones are in the foot | 26 |
| How many phalanges are in the foot | 14 |
| The superior surface of the foot is termed | dorsal surface |
| The inferior aspect of the foot is termed | plantar surface |
| How many tarsal bones are in the foot | 7 |
| The largest and strongest tarsal bone is the | calcaneous |
| The 2nd largest tarsal bone and the one that occupies the highest position in the foot is | talus |
| The largest and strongest bone in the body is the | femur |
| The pointed tip of the patella is called the | apex |
| The pointed process at the distal end of the fibula is called | lateral malleolus |
| The rounded bone part distal and medial on the femur is called | medial condyle |
| The name of the very small round bones located on the plantar surface of the foot, beneath the first metatarsophalangeal joint are the | sesamoids |
| What forms the ankle mortise | lateral malleolus of the fibula, medial malleolus of the tibia, inferior surface of the tibia |
| For an AP projection of the toes, the CR is directed to | 3rd metatarsophalangeal joint |
| The CR is directed to __________ for an AP or AP axial projection of the foot | the base of the 3rd metatarsal |
| The most commonly performed oblique projection of the foot is | AP oblique in medial rotation |
| For an AP oblique projection of the foot in either medial or lateral rotation, the plantar surface of the foot should from an angle of ____ with the IR | 30 degrees |
| For a lateral projection of the foot, the CR is directed to the | base of the 3rd metatarsal |
| Which lateral projection of the foot is the most commonly performed | mediolateral (lateral recumbent position) |
| Which projections of the foot will best demonstrate the structural status of the longitudinal arch | lateral(lateromedial) weight-bearing |
| What is the CR angulation for the axial plantodorsal projection of the calcaneous | 40 degrees |
| The CR angulation for a lateral projection of the calcaneous is | 0 degrees |
| The CR angulation for the AP ankle projection is | 0 degrees |
| For an AP projection of the ankle, the CR must enter | the ankle joint, midway between the malleoli |
| Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle | over the posterior half of the tibia |
| When the malleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is in position for which projection | AP oblique, 15-20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise |
| The medial and lateral oblique projections of the ankle require the leg and foot to be rotated how many degrees | 45 degrees |
| What is the CR angle for an AP projection of the leg | 0 degrees |
| What is the position of the femoral condyles when the leg is properly positioned for an AP projection | parallel to the IR |
| Where is the CR directed for an AP projection of the knee | .5" below the apex |
| When the ASIS to tabletop measurement btwn 19 and 24 cm, the CR angulation for an AP knee | 0 degrees |
| When the ASIS to tabletop measurement is greater than 24 cm, the CR angulation is | 5 degrees cephalad |
| How much should the leg be flexed for a lateral projection of the knee | 20-30 degrees |
| The CR angulation for a lateral projection of the knee is | 5-7 degrees cephalad |
| Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the narrowing of a joint space | variable, depending on the ASIS/tabletop distance |
| For an AP oblique projection of the knee, the limb is rotated | 45 degrees |
| What is demonstrated on an AP oblique of the knee in medial rotation | tibiofibular articulation |
| What methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa | Holmblad, Camp-coventry |
| How is the CR directed for the tangential (Settagast method)projection of the patella | thru the patellofemoral joint space |
| The patient in a prone recumbent position and CR angled 40 degrees caudad is which method | Camp-Coventry (intercondylar fossa) |
| How much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection of the patella | 5-10 degrees |
| What is the CR angle for an AP projection of the femur | 0 degrees |
| The superior portion of the calcaneous contains a groove called the calcaneal sulcus. The inferior portion of the talus contains a matching groove called the sulcus tali. These two sulci form the | sinus tarsi |
| On which aspect of the foot does the cuboid lie | lateral |
| The organ of the respiratory system which is also part of the digestive system is the | pharynx |
| The structure which closes off the nasopharynx during the act of swallowing is the | epiglottis |
| Which term describes the bifurcation of the trachea | carina |
| The depression of the medial aspect of each lung where the primary bronchus, pulmonary vessels, nerves enter and leave the lung is termed | hilum |
| Which fissure is found only in the right lung | horizontal |
| The left lateral decubitus film of the chest is done in order to best demonstrate | fluid in the left lung, air in the right lung |
| What projection can be taken to demonstrate a lesion under the left clavicle | AP axial, apical lordotic |
| What are the reasons for using a high kVP for chest radiographs | the chest is high subject contrast, to penetrate the heart and mediastinum |
| What action will remove the base of the skull from the exposure field on a PA chest radiograph | lower chin |
| A patient in the ICU needs an AP supine portable chest xray. How can you minimize heart magnification | increase the SID as much as possible |
| What additional image (to PA and lateral) would best demonstrate a pleural effusion of the right lung | right lateral decubitus |
| When doing a lateral chest the central ray is directed to | T7, inferior angle of scapulae |
| When the correct degree of body/CR angulation has been used on the lordotic chest projection, the image will demonstrate | the clavicle projected above the lungs except at the medial ends |
| What should be demonstrated on a properly positioned PA chest | medial ends of clavicle equidistant from the spine, approx. 2" of the lung seen above the clavicles |
| If the patient cannot achieve the lordotic position, the patient may be placed supine with the CR angled | 20 degrees cephalad |
| The front of the body is referred to as | ventral |
| The gas bubble that appears just below the diaphragm on upright PA chest is located in the | fundus of the stomach |
| Where is the esophagus situated in relationship to the trachea | posterior |
| For AP oblique projection of the chest, the side of interest is generally | the side closest to the IR |
| Describe the position of the thymus gland | in the anterior neck |
| In which direction does the diaphragm move on inspiration | down |
| How many sets of posterior ribs should be shown above the diaphragm on a PA chest on deep inspiration | 10 |
| The left lung has ____ lobes | 2 |
| What are the routine positions/projections for chest | PA and lateral |
| Why are the shoulders rotated forward when radiographing the PA chest | to remove the scapulae from the lung field |
| What is the name of the double walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung | pleura |
| What is the most optimal position of the patient for exams of the heart and lungs | upright |
| Why is the left lateral chest position most commonly used for lateral radiographs of the chest | patient's heart is closer to the IR |
| The presence of gas or air in the pleural cavity is termed | pneumothorax |
| What exposure technique is used to penetrate all of the thoracic anatomy | high kVp |
| What structure of the left lung corresponds in position to the right middle lobe | lingula |
| Where are the hands placed for a PA projection of the chest | back of the hands on hips |
| What is the CR angle for a PA chest radiograph | perpendicular |
| Which plane must be accurately parallel with the IR to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during a PA chest radiograph | coronal plane |
| How many degrees of body rotation are required for routine AP/PA oblique chest radiography | 45 |
| For the PA oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally | the side farthest from the IR |
| The AP/RPO projection of the chest corresponds to and essentially produces the same image as the | PA/LAO |
| What pathological condition is best demonstrated with lateral decubitus positions of the chest | air or fluid levels |
| Which position of the chest requires the patient to be prone with the IR placed vertically against the patients right side and a horizontal CR directed to the center of the IR | ventral decubitus |
| How long should the patient remain in position before making the exposure when performing a lateral or dorsal decubitus | 5 minutes |
| Tor F: The left bronchus is shorter than the right bronchus | false |
| T or F: The left bronchus is smaller in diameter than the right bronchus | true |
| T or F: The left lung has 2 lobes | true |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion within the | alveoli |
| The smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree is the | terminal bronchial |
| Which lung has an oblique fissure | both lungs |
| Which structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| Which term defines lung disease resulting from inhalation of industrial substances | pneumoconiosis |
| The hand consists of how many bones | 27 |
| How many phalanges are in the hand | 14 |
| At the lateral (thumb) side of the hand, the digit is called the | first digit |
| The palm of the hand is formed by | 5 metacarpals |
| The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the | scaphoid |
| Which is the largest carpal bone | capitate |
| The forearm consists of which bones | radius and ulna |
| The proximal ulna has which 2 processes | olecranon(superior) and coronoid (inferior) |
| The carpal bones articulate with which bones | radius |
| What passes thru the carpal tunnel | median nerve |
| The head of the radius articulates on the medial side with the | radial notch |
| The patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger is | sitting at the end of the table |
| For a PA projection of the 2nd digit the CR is directed to the | proximal interphalangeal joint |
| The most common oblique projection of the second thru 5th digit is | PA with lateral rotation |
| How many degrees is the hand rotated for a PA oblique projection of the digit | 45 |
| For a PA oblique projection of the thumb the hand is placed | prone |
| For a PA projection of the hand the CR is directed to the | 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint |
| Flexing the finger for a PA projection of the wrist causes what | placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR |
| For a lateral projection of the hand the CR is directed to the | 2nd digit metacarpophalangeal joint |
| The CR for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the | midcarpal area |
| Which projection best demonstrates the carpal interspaces | AP |
| What is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement of fractures of the hand or wrist | lateral |
| Which projections clearly demonstrate the scaphoid | PA in ulnar flexion, PA oblique in lateral rotation, PA axial (Stecher method) |
| For the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar flexion the CR is directed to the | scaphoid |
| The IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA axial projection of the wrist | 20 degrees |
| What method is used to demonstrate the carpal canal | Gaynor Hart (tangential) |
| The CR angulation for the tangential projection (inferosuperior) of demonstrating the carpal canal is | 25-30 degrees |
| For the AP projection of the forearm, the hand is | supinated |
| Which joints should be clearly demonstrated on the AP projection of the forearm | wrist and elbow |
| For the lateral projection of the forearm the elbow should be flexed | 90 degrees |
| For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are | parallel to the IR |
| For the AP projection of the elbow, the hand is | supinated |
| For an AP oblique projection of the elbow with medial rotation what would be free of superimposition | coronoid process |
| Which projection best demonstrates the olecranon process within the olecranon fossa | AP oblique medial rotation |
| What is demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation | radial head and neck |
| If a patient unable to extend the forearm for an AP projection of the elbow, how many projections are necessary to avoid distortion of the joint | 2 |
| Which position of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR | supine |
| Where is the CR directed for an AP projection of the humerus | midpoint of the humerus |
| What is shown in profile on an AP projection of the humerus | greater tubercle |
| What breathing technique should be used for an AP projection of the humerus | suspended respiration |
| The shallow depression located on the anterior side of the distal humerus receives what bone part when the elbow is flexed | coronoid process |
| an adult is considered to be hypertensive if the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure are consistently higher than | 140/90 |
| a patient may be considered to have tachycardia if their pulse rate is higher than | 100 bpm |
| the source of radiation in an xray tube (the anode) shall not be closer than | 12" from the patient |
| the radiographic technique that will produce the lowest patient dose is | high kVp, low mAs |
| which is shown in profile on an AP projection of the humerus? | greater tubercle |
| what are the essential projections of the calcaneous | axial plantodorsal, lateral, mediolateral |
| when the maleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is in position for which projection? | ap oblique, 15-20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise |
| when the maleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is in position for which projection? | knee and ankle joint |
| Where should the CR be projected for the PA projection of the patella | midpopliteal area |
| how many degrees of angulation are required to open the IP joint spaces of the toes on an AP projection? | 10 degrees |
| when the fisk modification is used for the tangential projection of the intertubercular groove, the patient is | standing |
| what are the advantages of using an SID of 72’ for chest radiography? | decreased magnification of the sternum, sharper outlines of the delicate lung structures |
| what are the advantages of using double contrast technique for examination of the stomach? | small lesions are not obscured, the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized |
| the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus? | hypersthenic |
| which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area? | PA/AP axial, lateral |
| expiration projections of the chest are done to best demonstrate | pneumothorax |
| which portion of the image intensifier receives the exit radiation from the patient and converts that into light? | input phosphurs |
| All three bones of the hip fuse at the | acetabulum |
| The broad curved aspect of the ilium | ala |
| What is most posterior than the obturator foramen, acetabulum or pubic symphysis | spine of the ischium |
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lkdickson
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