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ABA
Behavior Change Procedures
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| positive reinforcement | occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar situations. |
| negative reinforcement | the removal of an aversive stimulus immediately following a response which increase the future rate of the response |
| Premack Principle | states that any high probability activity may serve as a positive reinforcer for any low probability activity (activity reinforcer) Also known as If/then principle |
| positive punishment | behavior followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Many occur naturally. |
| negative punishment | response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions (taking away something desired) |
| punishers | A consequence stimulus that decreases the future rate or probability of a behavior. |
| reinforcers | A consequence stimulus that increase or maintains the future rate or probability of occurrence of a behavior |
| possible unwanted effect of punishment | May evoke agression, anger or tantrums. May replace one behavior for another. May not generalize. |
| possible unwanted effects of reinforcement | Child learns to exhibit an undesired behavior to get a positive reinforcer. Example: Child takes tantrum in grocery store, parent says if you stop crying I'll get you candy. Child stops. Next trip to store the child takes tantrum stops and gets candy |
| extinction | discontinuation of a reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior to reduce the occurrence of the behavior. |
| response-independent (time-based) schedules of reinforcement | schedule rule for how often a behavior is reinforced. |
| differential reinforcement | Reinforcing only those behaviors within a response class that meets a specific criterion. |
| discrimination training procedures | Using reinforcement or punishment to increase ability to differentiate among stimulus or environmental events. |
| prompt | an added stimilus that increase the probability that the stimulus control will occasion the desired response. |
| prompt fading | decreasing an added stimilus to occasion a desired behavior |
| modeling and imitation | Demonstrating a desired behavior in order to prompt an imitative response |
| shaping | teaching new behaviors through differential reinforcement of successive approximation to a specified target behavior |
| chaining | An instructional procedure that reinforces individual responses in sequence, forming a complex behavior. |
| incidental teaching technique | Teaching that takes advantage of naturally occurring incidents or situations to provide learning opportunities for the student. Includes taking into account the classroom environment and student preferences. |
| Direct Instruction | straight forward, explicit teaching a specific skills. |
| precision teaching | "A set of standard procedures for the analysis of behavior" Lindsley 1964. Consist of these steps (1) pinpointing (2) recording (3) changing (4) try, try again. |
| Personalized system of instruction | based on Skinners operant conditioning strategies of behaviorism consist of these 5 principles (1)written material (2) content broken down into meaningful units (3) self-pased (4) mastery (4) proctors |
| discrete trials | response that occurs when an opportunity to respond exists. |
| contingency contracts (behavior contracts) | a mutually agreed upon document that specifies a contingent relationship between the specific behaviors and reinforcers. |
| token economy procedures | participates earn reinforcers as an immediate consequence for a specific behavior. Example: sticker awards that can be exchanged for prizes or free time. |
| independent group contingencies | reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that effects all the members of the group. Student earn rewards on own behavior. Such as a token economy |
| dependent contingencies | reinforcement of the group is contingent on individual student behavior. "One gets in trouble they all do" oe whole class earns reinforcement for one students behavior. |
| interdependent group contingencies | Reinforcement of the group is contingent on the behavior of the whole class. |
| stimulus equivalent procedures | stimulus that are equal when they are interchangeable and result in the same response. |
| behavioral contract effects | creation of this document allows the students to be active participants in their learning and behavior. Also provides all those involved with clear expectations. |
| behavioral momentum | relationship between resistance to change and the rate of reinforcement. Begin by making changes that are easy before building in difficulty. |
| matching law | a component of operant conditioning that simply states that there is a correlation between behavior and the environment especially when personal choices are part of the reinforcement. |
| self management stratagies | A selection of goals for oneself, arranging one’s environment to make the likelihood of reaching the goals more likely, monitoring one’s own behavior and progress. Example: setting a goal to be on time for class and keeping daily progress data. |
| procedures to promote stimulus/response generalization | teach desired behavior in the natural setting, use a variety of caregivers, train in a variety of settings, shift from artificial cues to realistic ones, shift from continuous to intermittent reinforcement, delay reinforcement reinforce generalization. |
| procedure to promote maintenance | An acquired skill or behavior that can be revisited briefly through academic skills reviews and/or embedded in future lessons. |
| antecedent based intervention | behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operations) |
| antecedent stimulus | a stimulus that precedes a behavior. |
| Example of positive reinforcement | giving a student a sticker for completing his/her work |
| example of negative reinforcement | moving a student to a different table to |
| Example of Premack Principle | If you complete all your work you can go outside for recess |
| Example of positive punishment | Touching a hot sove with your hand and pullng your hand off the stove. |
| Example of negative punishment | putting a child/student in "time-out" |
Created by:
sdeniseg
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