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pharmacology
final exam review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| capable of killing bacteria | bactericidal |
| capable of inhibiting growth or reproduction of bacteria | bacteriostatic |
| organic fat-soluble compound produced naturally in the body and manufactured synthetically | steroid |
| agent active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species | broad spectrum antibiotic |
| combining of separate elements into a complete whole | synthesis |
| chemical product of the endocrine glands; has a specific effect on organs when secreted into body fluids. | hormone |
| capable of acting against infection; inhibit spread of infectious agent or killing the agent | anti-infective (antimicrobial) |
| antibacterials, antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anti protozoans | anti-infective |
| not a true antibiotic; not synthesized by microorganisms; treat UTI and otitis media (ear infection); avoid sun; report nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and rashes | Sulfonamide |
| first true antibiotic grown and used in humans | Penicillin |
| loss of appetite | anorexia |
| act by interfering with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls; effective against bacteria that multiply rapidly | penicillin |
| chemically related to penicillin and have similar mechanism of activity | cephalosporins |
| inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria | cephalosporin |
| 3 generations that act on certain gram positive and gram negative organisms | cephalosporins |
| used for urinary, respiratory and ab infections,bacteremia, meningitis osteomyelitis | cephalosporins |
| infections of the membranes in the brain | meningitis |
| infection of the bone resulted from trauma | osteomyelitis |
| effective against gran-negative and gram positive bacteria; inhibit protein synthesis by bacterial cells | tetracycline |
| used for patients allergic to penicillin, venereal diseases, UTIs, acne, rickettsial, mycoplasmic infections, upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and meningitis | tetracycline |
| parasite infection | rickettsial |
| sexual transmitted diseases | venereal diseases |
| Rocephin (Ceptriaxone) | cephalosporins |
| doxycycline | tetracycline |
| may cause tooth enamel hypoplasia and permanent yellow, gray, or brown staining to teeth if administered during tooth development years | tetracycline |
| underdevelopment of a tissue | hypoplasia |
| inhibit protein synthesis in suspectible bacteria | macrolides |
| used to treat respiratory, GI tract, skin, soft tissue infections, sexually transmitted diseases | macrolides |
| used when penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline cannot be used | macrolides |
| Erythromycin | macrolide |
| bactericidal that causes phototoxicity which need increased fluid intake | fluoroquinolones |
| levaquin (levofloxacin) | fluoroquinolone |
| kill bacteria by inhibit protein synthesis; used against gram negative microorganisms that cause UTI, meningitis, wound infections, and life threatening septicemias | aminoglycosides |
| kanamycin (kantrex) | aminoglycoside |
| infection when the pathogens circulate in the blood | septicemia |
| inhibit TB bacterial growth by altering cellular RNA synthesis and phosphate metabolism | antitubercular |
| Ethambutol (Myambutol | antitubercular |
| INH (isoniazid, nydrazid) | antitubercular |
| disrupts the TB cell wall and inhibits replication; used alone, may cause hepatotoxicity | INH (antitubercular) |
| inhibit viral cell replication | antiviral |
| specific to certain viruses | antiviral |
| treat herpes genitalis | acyclovir |
| acyclovir | antiviral |
| disrupt certain fungi cell functions, disrupt metabolic pathways interfering with cell wall and protein synthesis, stop cell division and new cell growth | antifungal agents |
| fluconozole (Diflucan) | antifungal |
| nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin) | urinary anti- infective |
| interfere with bacterial enzyme system | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
| not effective against microorganisms in the blood or tissues outside of the urinary tract | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
| can cause urine discoloration | nitrofurantoin |
| treat allergy symptoms, also motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions | antihistamines |
| Loratadine (claritin) | antihistamine |
| reduce swelling in the nasal passages caused by common cold or allergic rhinitis | decongestants |
| oxymetazoline (Afrin) | decongestant |
| inflammation of the mucosa membranes of the nose | rhinitis |
| stimulate receptors within the tracheobrachial tree to relax and dilate the airway passages | bronchodilator |
| allow greater volume of air to be exchanged and improve oxygenation | bronchodilator |
| Albuterol (proventil, Vomax) | bronchodilator |
| used for obstructive airway disease; aerosol, oral forms, and parenteral | corticosteroids |
| used in patients with severe asthma and COPD | corticosteroids |
| direct effect on relaxation of smooth muscle, enhance effect of beta adrenergic bronchodilators and inhibit inflammatory response | corticosteroid |
| used to suppress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain | antitussives |
| used to treat dry hacking nonproductive cough only reduces effects of the cough | antitussives |
| Codeine, Diphenhydramine (Diphen, Tusstat) | antitussives |
| reduces thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them | mucolytics |
| acetylcysteine (mucomyst) | mucolytic |
| liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands | expectorant |
| guafenesin (robitussin) | expectorant |
| enhance the output of respiratory tract fluid; relieve of dry, nonoproductive cough and mucus build up in the respiratory tract | guafenesin (expectorant) |
| interfere with bacterial enzyme system | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
| not effective against microorganisms in the blood or tissues outside of the urinary tract | nitrofurantoin (urinary anti-infective) |
| can cause urine discoloration | nitrofurantoin |
| treat allergy symptoms, also motion sickness, insomnia, and other nonallergic reactions | antihistamines |
| Loratadine (claritin) | antihistamine |
| reduce swelling in the nasal passages caused by common cold or allergic rhinitis | decongestants |
| oxymetazoline (Afrin) | decongestant |
| inflammation of the mucosa membranes of the nose | rhinitis |
| stimulate receptors within the tracheobrachial tree to relax and dilate the airway passages | bronchodilator |
| allow greater volume of air to be exchanged and improve oxygenation | bronchodilator |
| Albuterol (proventil, Vomax) | bronchodilator |
| used for obstructive airway disease; aerosol, oral forms, and parenteral | corticosteroids |
| used in patients with severe asthma and COPD | corticosteriods |
| direct effect on relaxation of smooth muscle, enhance effect of beta adrenergic bronchodilators and inhibit inflammatory response | corticosteroid |
| used to suppress a cough by acting on the cough center of the brain | antitussives |
| used to treat dry hacking nonproductive cough only reduces effects of the cough | antitussive |
| Codeine, Diphenhydramine (Diphen, Tusstat) | antitussive |
| reduces thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by acting directly on the mucus plugs to dissolve them | mucolytics |
| acetylcysteine (mucomyst) | mucolytic |
| liquefy mucus by stimulating the natural lubricant fluids from the bronchial glands | expectorant |
| guafenesin (robitussin) | expectorants |
| enhance the output of respiratory tract fluid; relieve of dry, nonoproductive cough and mucus build up in the respiratory tract | guafenesin (expectorant) |
| pertains to hormones and glands that make and secrete hormones in the bloodstream which affect distant organs | endocrine system |
| used for type 2 diabetes | insulin |
| hormone required for glucose transport to the cells; produced in the beta cells in the pancreas | insulin |
| key regulator of metabolism | insulin |
| required for entry of glucose into skeletal and heart muscle and fat; helps with protein and fat metabolism | insulin |
| not required for glucose transport into the brain, kidney, GI or liver tissue | insulin |
| used by most patients; less allergic reactions than beef or pork | biosynthetic human insulin |
| Humalog | rapid-acting insulin |
| Humulin R | short-acting insulin |
| Humulin N | intermediate- acting insulin |
| Lantus | long-acting insulin |
| treat type 2 diabetes mellitus | oral antidiabetic agent |
| decrease hepatic glucose production | biguanides (oral antidiabetic agent) |
| metformin | biguanidea (oral antidiabetic agent0 |
| lower blood glucose by stimulating release of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas and diminish glucose production and metabolism of insulin by liver | sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetic agent) |
| glipizide | sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetic agent) |
| biguanide and sulfonylureas | oral antidiabetic agents |
| treat hypoglycemic reactions in patients with diabetes mellitus | antihypoglycemic agent |
| hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that breaks down glycogen to glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels; aids in converting amino acids to glucose | glucagon |
| depends on presence of glycogen for action | antihypoglycemic agent |
| used when thyroid hormones are not being produced or are not produced on sufficient quantities to meet the body's needs | thyroid replacement hormones |
| levothyroxine | thyroid replacement hormone |
| thyroid hormone antagonists | antithyroid medicines |
| block the action of excessive formation of thyroid hormones | antithyroid medicine |
| iodine 131 | antithyroid agent |
| destroy hyperactive thyroid tissue | iodine 131 |
| block synthesis of T3 and T4 | propylthiouracil (PTU)and methimazole (antithyroid medicines) |
| adrenocorticosteroids | glucocorticoids |
| regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism | glucocorticoid |
| used for anti inflammatory and anti allergenic properties | glucocorticoid |
| They DONT cure disease, but relieve symptoms of RA, lupus, immunosuppression, shock, etc. | glucocorticoids |
| may cause masking of infection, elevated serum glucose, fever, malaise, electrolyte imbalance, behavioral changes, slow healing wounds and infection | glucocorticoid |
| betamethasone | glucorticoid |
| steroids that cause the kidneys to retain sodium and water | mineralocorticoids |
| given with glucocorticoids to patients with adrenolcortical insufficiency | mineralocorticoids |
| fludrocortisones (Florinef) | mineralocorticoid |
| various agents affecting growth or function of the reproductive organs, the development sex characteristics, and behavioral patterns | reproductive health agent |
| reproductive organs | gonads |
| steroids that cause feminizing effects (breast development, voice quality, and broader pelvis) | estrogen |
| naturally released from ovaries and decreased in menopause | estrogen |
| relieve hot flashs symptoms in menopause, contraceptive, hormone replacement after oophorectomy, osteoporosis, slow down prostatoc cancer, and some types of breast cancer, severe acne | estrogen |
| ovary removal | estrogen |
| normal side effects: weight gain, edema, breast tenderness, nausea | estrogen |
| clot formation in the vessels | thrombophlebitis |
| Estradiol (Estrace, Estrogel) | estrogen |
| steroids regulating endometrial and myometrial function | progestins |
| used for oral contraceptive, secondary amenorrhea, uterine bleeding, endometriosis | estrogen |
| uterus tissue cancer | endometriosis |
| absence of menstruation | amenorrhea |
| steroid hormone that produce masculizing effects | androgens |
| testosterone | androgen |
| dominant male sex hormone | testosterone |
| responsible for normal growth and development of male sex organs and sex characteristics | androgen |
| used to treat hypogonadism, eunichism, androgen deficiency, breast cancer in postmenopausal women | androgen |
| deficiency in secretion of the ovary or testes | androgen |
| undeveloped male sex organs | hypogonadism |
| used to treat cancer causing agents | immunologic medication |
| from research that indicates that cell membrane receptors control cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, and cell death that are integral to the growth and spread of cancer | targeted anti-cancer agents |
| new blood vessel growth | angiogenisis |
| used to kill cancer cells | chemotherapy |
| side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, unable to fight infection, anemia, sensitivity to hot and cold, GI upset | chemotherapy |
| low white blood count | neutropenia |
| bond with DNA; eradication of malignant cells | Alkylating agents |
| cisplatin | alkylating agents |
| cell specific in inhibiting cell division | natural products |
| Vinca Alkaloids (vincristine)- periwinkle plant | natural products |
| methotrexate (MTX) | antimetabolites |
| inhibit key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of DNA and RNA synthesis | antimetabolites |
| bleomycin | antineoplastic antibiotics |
| bind to DNA, prevent cell replication | antineoplastic antibiotic |
| ethinyl estradiol | hormones |
| used in malignancies of sexual organs | hormone |
| digestive tract including mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines | gastrointestinal |
| reduce acidity of gastric contents by buffering the hydrochloric acid to a lower hydrogen ion concentration | antacids |
| 1 or 2 | level of PH of gastric contents |
| neutralize gastric acid | antacids |
| Mylanta, Maalox, Di-Gel | antacids |
| decrease volume of hydrochloric acid secretion and increase pH of gastric secretions during day and night | histamine-receptor antagonists |
| cimetadine (tagamet), famotadine (Pepcid), Ranitidine (Zantac) | histamine-receptor antagonists |
| used to treat GERD, duodenal ulcers, and prevent stress ulcers | histamine- receptor antagonists |
| inhibit gastric secretion by inhibiting the gastric acid pump of the stomach's parietal cells | proton pump inhibitors |
| used to treat severe esophagitis, GERD, gastric and duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory disorders | proton pump inhibitors |
| common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | Pylori |
| omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix) | proton pump inhibitors |
| inflammation of the esophagus | esophagitis |
| between stomach and duodenum | pylori |
| used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), biliary spasm, mild ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, infant colic, PUD, | antispasmodic agent |
| increased motility of the intestines | IBS |
| gallbladder spasms | biliary spasm |
| inflammation of large intestine and rectum | ulcerative colitis |
| inflammation of a herniation in the stomach, small intestine, colon | diverticulitis |
| inflammation of the pancreas | pancreatitis |
| applied to eyelids or placed in the space between the eyelids and the eyeball | otic/ opthalmic preparations |
| reduce intraocular pressure in the eyes in patients with glaucomas, and preop pr postop surgery | osmotic agents |
| glycerin (Osmoglyn), mannitrol (osmitrol) | osmotic agent |
| inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins | anti-inflammatory ophthalmic agents |
| responsible for an increase in intraocular inflammation and pressure | prostanglandins |
| flurbprofen sodium, keterolac tromethamine | anti- inflammatory ophthalmic agents |
| idoxuridine , trifluridine (Viroptic) | ophthalmic antiviral agent |
| used to treat herpes simplex keratitis | ophthalmic antiviral agent |
| treat superficial eye infections or prophylaxis against gonorrhea infection in the eyes of newborns | ophthalmic antibacterial agent |
| bacitracin, gentamicin | ophthalmic antibacterial agent |
| prevention against disease | prophylaxis |
| ocular herpes | herpes simplex keratitis |
| Natamycin (Natacyn) | ophthalmic antifungal agents |
Created by:
jdwc0820
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