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RadT 465
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wavelike fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields. (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Electromagnetic radiation |
| What aspects are part of the electromagnetic spectrum? (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Visible light, microwaves, radio waves, x-rays, and gamma rays |
| What is the equation for velocity? (Lange Prep, p. 225) | 3 x 10^8 m/s |
| The distance between two consecutive wave crests. (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Wavelength |
| The number of cycles per second. (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Frequency |
| Unit of frequency measurement is? (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Hertz |
| Radiation that has the ability to break apart electrically neutral atoms is? (Lange Prep, p. 225) | Ionizing radiation |
| Natural background radiation accounts for what percentage of radiation? (Lange Prep, p. 226) | 68% |
| Occupational, fallout and nuclear energy plants account for what percent of radiation? (Lange Prep, p. 226) | 5% |
| Medical radiation accounts for what percent of radiation? (Lange Prep, p. 226) | 31% |
| High speed electron is accelerated toward a tungsten atom. The negative electron is attracted by a positive nucleus and pulled off course. The deflection is caused by braking and results in a loss of energy.(Lange Prep, p. 227) | Bremsstrahlung radiation |
| Bremsstrahlung radiation accounts for what percentage of the x-ray beam? (Lange Prep, p. 227) | 70-90% |
| High speed electron encounters a tungsten atom in the anode focal track and ejects a K shell electron. Higher energy electron fills that vacancy. K- shells have 69keV. (Lange Prep, p. 227) | Characteristic radiation |
| Characteristic radiation comprises what percent of the x-ray beam? (Lange Prep, p. 227) | 10-30% |
| Gradual decrease in exposure rate as ionizing radiation passes through tissues is? (Lange Prep, p. 227) | Attenuation |
| A relatively low energy x-ray photon interacts with tissue and uses all the energy to eject an inner shell electron. An electron from above drops down to fill the vacancy and gives up a characteristic ray. It has a high atomic number. (Lange Prep, p. 228) | Photoelectric effect |
| A high energy photon interacts with tissue and ejects an outer shell electron. It contributes to fog and is a radiation hazard to personnel. (Lange Prep, p. 228) | Compton scatter |
| What type of radiation interaction is a major contributor to patient dose? (Lange Prep, p. 229) | Photoelectric effect |
| Relationship directly related to the dose received? (Lange Prep, p. 230) | Linear |
| Relationship effects are not proportional to the dose. | Nonlinear relationship |
| The dose below which no harmful effects are likely to occur. (Lange Prep, p. 230) | Threshold |
| The annual background dose is? (Lange Prep, p. 230) | 3 mSv (300 mrem) |
| The average chest x-ray produces what dose? (Lange Prep, p. 230) | 0.10 mSv (10 mrem) |
| The whole body dose for a CT exam is? (Lange Prep, p. 230) | 10.0 mSv (1000 mrem) |
| No safe dose, even one photon can cause a response is? (Lange Prep, p. 231) | Nonthreshold |
| Effects that occur randomly and are all or nothing. (Lange Prep, p. 231) | Stochastic effects |
| What are characteristics of early effects? (Lange Prep, p. 231) | Appear a short time after exposure, usually a result of a high dose in a short time period, should not be seen in diagnostic radiology |
| What are characteristics of late effects? (Lange Prep, p. 231) | Can appear years after exposure; carcinogenesis, cataractogenesis embryologic effect, lifespan shortening |
| What is a deterministic risk? (Lange Prep, p. 232) | Nonlinear dose responses and associated with a threshold dose below which no effect is observed. |
| Deterministic risk includes? (Lange Prep, p. 232) | Threshold, nonlinear, all early effects and some late effects. |
| Stochastic risk includes? (Lange Prep, p. 232) | No threshold, linear, genetic effects, cancer, includes more late effects |
| Cellular qualities made tissues more or less radiosensitive is what law? (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau |
| What tissue cells are very radiosensitive? (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Stem (undifferentiated or precursor) cells, young, immature cells, and highly mitotic cells |
| A number assigned to different types of ionizing radiations so their effects may be better determined. (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Radiation weighting factor |
| The relative tissue radiosensitivity of the irradiated material is? (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Tissue weighting factor |
| The product of absorbed dose and its radiation weighting factor. (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Equivalent dose |
| Dose from radiation sources internal and/or external to the body and is expressed in rem is? (Lange Prep, p. 233) | Effective dose equivalent |
| Radiation deposits energy as it passes through tissue is? (Lange Prep, p. 234) | Linear energy transfer |
| Occurs when ionizing particle interacts directly with the key molecule or another critical enzyme or molecule is? (Lange Prep, p. 234) | Direct effect |
| Direct effect occurs when what is high? (Lange Prep, p. 234) | LET |
| Occurs when ionization takes place away from the DNA molecule in cellular water. (Lange Prep, p. 234) | Indirect effect |
| Fetal irradiation during the first two weeks can cause? (Lange Prep, p. 237) | Embryonic resorption or spontaneous abortion |
| How many days past the onset of menses should an abdominal/pelvic exam be scheduled? (Lange Prep, p. 238) | 10 days |
| What are the syndromes of acute radiation? (Lange Prep, p. 241) | Hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, central nervous system |
| What are some symptoms of hematopoietic syndrome? (Lange Prep, p. 241) | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood count, hemorrhage, infection |
| What are some symptoms of gastrointestinal syndrome? (Lange Prep, p. 241) | Doses between 1000-10,000; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea blood changes, hemorrhage, death within 2 weeks |
| What are some symptoms of central nervous system? (Lange Prep, p. 241) | Dose more than 5000 rad; collapse of circulatory system, vasculitis, meningitis, ataxia, shock, death within 3 days |
| Symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea that occur 1 hour to 2 days following exposure is? (Lange Prep, p. 241) | Prodromal stage |
| Symptoms disappear, the exposed individual seems healthy is? (Lange Prep, p. 242) | Latent stage |
| Symptoms depend on the specific syndrome and last up to several months is? (Lange Prep, p. 242) | Manifest illness stage |
| Individuals who do not recover will die within weeks or months of exposure; recovery can take weeks up to 2 years. For those who recover, long term effects are a concern is? (Lange Prep, p. 242) | Death or recovery |
| What does beam restriction do? (Lange Prep, p. 250) | Reduces patient dose, reduces production of scattered radiation, improves image quality |
| What are types of beam restrictors? (Lange Prep, p. 250) | Aperture diaphragm, cone/cylinder, collimator |
| Collimators must be within what percent of the SID to be accurate and within the guidelines? (Lange Prep, p. 252) | 2% |
| mAs controls quantity/quality? (Lange Prep, p. 252) | Quantity |
| kVp controls quality/quantity? (Lange Prep, p. 252) | Quality |
| What is the minimum filtration requirement? (Lange Prep, p. 254) | 2.5 mm Al |
| Gonadal shielding should be used when? (Lange Prep, p. 255) | The gonads lie in or within 5 cm of the collimated field; the patient has reasonable reproductive potential; diagnostic objectives permit it |
| What are some types of shields? (Lange Prep, p. 255) | Flat, contact shields, shadow shields and contour contact shields |
| The consistency in exposure output during repeated exposures at a particular setting is? (Lange Prep, p. 261) | Reproducibility |
| Output intensity must be constant when adjacent mA stations are used; with exposure times adjusted to maintain the same mAs, and any variation must not exceed 10%. (Lange Prep, p. 262) | Linearity |
| Three phase equipment is measured with? (Lange Prep, p. 262) | Synchronous spinning to or ascilloscope |
| The SSD for stationary fluoroscopic should be at least? (Lange Prep, p. 263) | 15 inches |
| What type of exposure switches are used? (Lange Prep, p. 263) | Deadman type |
| What are the cardinal rules of imaging? (Lange Prep, p. 269) | Time, distance, and shielding |
| Leakage radiation must not exceed? (Lange Prep, p. 270) | 100mR/hour when measured 1 meter from the tube |
| The tabletop intensity for a fluoroscopic beam must not exceed? (Lange Prep, p. 271) | 10 R/min |
| Primary barriers protect from? (Lange Prep, p. 272) | The useful beam |
| Secondary barriers protect from? (Lange Prep, p. 272) | Scattered and leakage radiation |
| The walls of lead barriers must be how tall? (Lange Prep, p. 272) | 7 feet |
| Protective apparel includes? (Lange Prep, p. 273) | Lead aprons, thyroid shields, lead gloves, lead eyewear |
| The gestational dose limit for a fetus during the gestational period must not exceed? (Lange Prep, p. 274) | 500 mrem (5mSv) |
| Measures ionization in air? (Lange Prep, p. 281) | Roentgen |
| Amount of energy deposited per unit mass. (Lange Prep, p. 282) | Rad |
| Dose equivalence and used to express occupational exposure. (Lange Prep, p. 282) | Rem |
| Has a thin layer of aluminum oxide, multiple readouts, measures as low as 1 mrem, unaffected by heat, moisture and pressure, longer read periods. (Lange Prep, p. 284) | OSL |
| Has an open window, used for 1 month, reads exposure as low as 10mrem. (Lange Prep, p. 285) | Film badge |
| Crystalline chips of lithium fluoride, reads doses as low as 5 mrem, unaffected by heat, humidity, worn up to 3 months. (Lange Prep, p. 285) | TLD |
| High exposure areas,immediate reading is available to the user, resembles a pen light, has a thimble ionization chamber, no permanent record. (Lange Prep, p. 286) | Pocket dosimeter |
| Occupationally exposed persons should not receive doses in excess of what amount per year? (Lange Prep, p. 288) | 5 rem (50 mSv) / year |
| The monthly fetal dose should not exceed? (Lange Prep, p. 289) | 0.05 mrem (.5 mSv) |
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