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Nason Ch. 18
Social Psychology Vocab
| Vocab Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| Attribution Theory | suggests how we explain someone's behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| Attitude | feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreeed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) that we feel when our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistant. |
| Conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Social Exchange Theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| Informative Social Influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality |
| Social Facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others |
| Social Loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Deindividuation | the loss of self awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arrousal and anonymity |
| Group Polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| Group Think | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic apprasial of alternatives |
| Prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members. Generally involves sterotyped beliefs, negative feeling, and a predisposition to discrimintory action |
| Reciprocity Norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
| Social-Responsibility Norm | an expectation that people will help those dependant upon them. |
| Superordinate Goals | shared goals taht override differences among people and their cooperation |
| GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Incitives in Tensions-Reduction) | a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| Stereotype | a generalized (somtimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
| Ingroup | "us"- people with whom one shares a common identity |
| Outgroup | "them" those percieved as different or apart from one's group |
| Ingroup Bias | the tendency to favor one's group |
| Scapegoat Theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| Just-World Phenonmenon | the tendency of people to believe the world is just and people, therefore, get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Agression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| Frustration-Agression Principle | the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate agression |
| Conflict | a percieved incompatibilty of actions, goals, or ideas |
| Social Traps | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually exclusive behavior |
| Passionate Love | an arroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
| Companionate Love | the deep affectionate attatchment we feel for those with whom are lives are intertwined |
| Equity | a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| Self Diclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Mere Exposure Effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
| Bystander Effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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