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Chapter 10
Psychobiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the central region of the retina called? | The fovea |
| The fovea contains a dense concentration of _______? | Cones |
| The structure of the fovea provides ______ ______ | Maximal acuity |
| What do the ciliary muscles do? | Control the shape of the lens |
| What must light travel through in vertebrate eyes to reach the receptors? | Neurons and blood vessels |
| What does area where the neural axons and blood vessels enter and leave the retina form?. | The blind spot |
| What is the function of the cornea? | 1. Bend light rays 2. Primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina |
| What is the choroid? | One of the outer coatings of the eye |
| What does the choroid contain? | Numerous blood vessels & a large amount of pigment |
| What is the sclera? | The outer layer of the eye |
| What is the Iris? | The circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil. |
| What is the shape of the lens controlled by? | The ciliary muscles inside the eye |
| Which part of the eye is associated with aperture? | Pupil - Allows light to enter eye |
| Where are all the rods and cones contained within the eye? | The retina |
| What is region of the retina devoid of receptor cells known as? | The optic disk |
| Why are no receptors cells located in the optic disk? | Because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there |
| The collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the optic chiasm is known as? | The optic nerve |
| Where do neural signals in the retina converge? | On ganglion cells |
| Why does the eye vary the thickness of the lens After the cornea has focused an image on the retina? | To fine tune/sharpen the focus of the refracted image |
| When refracted light forms an image on the retina, it appears to be ________? | Upside down & reversed |
| Which photoreceptors drive the scotopic system? | Rods |
| Which parts of the eye focus light? | The cornea & the lens |
| What is the optic nerve formed from? | Ganglion cell axons |
| Where do visual pathways start? | The retina |
| Which nerve cells generate action potentials in the eye?* | ONLY Ganglion Cells |
| What is eye movement controlled by? | Extraocular muscles |
| How many layers of cells are there in the retina? | 5 Layers = 3 Vertical + 2 Horizontal |
| Name the 3 vertical layers of the retina. | 1. Photoreceptor Cell Layer - Rods & Cones 2. Bipolar Cell Layer 3. Ganglion Cell Layer |
| What is the role of bipolar cells in the retina? | Receive input from photoreceptors and synapse on ganglion cells |
| Name the 2 horizontal layers of the retina. | 1. Horizontal Cells 2. Amacrine Cells |
| What is the role of the horizontal cells in the retina? | Contact photoreceptors & bipolar cells |
| What is the role of amacrine cells in the retina? | Contact bipolar and ganglion cells |
| The opening in the iris is called the _________. | Pupil |
| As you move farther away from the fovea, the number of _______ increases | Rods |
| What types of potentials are produced by photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells in the eye? | Graded potentials |
| How is the band of electromagnetic radiation our vision system responds to measured? | Quanta |
| What does visual field refer to? | The whole area you can see without moving your head or eyes |
| What is accommodation? | The process of focusing |
| Light travels in a straight line until it encounters? | A change in the density of the medium |
| Why do mammals become less able to change the curvature of their lens and bring objects into focus as they age? | The lens becomes less elastic |
| What are photoreceptors? | Receptor cells that detect light |
| What are effects of drugs that block acetylecoline transmission in the parasympathetic synapses of your iris? | Relaxes sphincter muscle fibers and permits the pupil to open widely |
| The delicate control of ________ _______ is needed to fixate still or moving objects. | Extraocular muscles |
| Which cells were the first retinal cells to have their activity recorded? | Ganglion Cells |
| Which functional vision system uses only rods and works in dim light? | Scotopic System |
| Both rods and cones release neurotransmitter into _______ _______. | Bipolar Neurons |
| Which functional vision system requires more light and shows differential sensitivity to wavelengths? | Photopic System |
| Which cells are especially significant for inhibitory reactions within the retina? | Amacrine Cells |
| The photopic system has less _______ in comparison to the scotopic system. | Convergence |
| Define wavelength | The distance between 2 adjacent crests of a vibratory activity |
| What is a quantum of electromagnetic energy in the range of wavelengths we call light called? | A photon |
| The electromagnetic range that the human visual system responds to ranges from ___ to ___ nm. | 400 - 700 nm |
| Which wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are good for imaging objects of astronomical size? | Radio Waves |
| Which wavelengths can penetrate below the surfaces of objects? | X-Rays |
| What is rhodopsin? | The photopigment in rods that responds to light |
| What increases the likelihood of capturing photons that reach the retina? | Stacking of disks in rods and cones |
| *What are the 2 parts of photopigments in rods and cones?* | *1.* Retinal *2.* Opsin |
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