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psychology chapter 6
memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| explicit memory | memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information |
| episodic memory | memories of events experienced by a person or that take place in the person's presence |
| semantic memory | general knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory |
| implicit memory | memory that suggested (implied)but not plainly expressed ,as illustrated in the things that people do but not state clearly |
| priming | the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory |
| retrospective memory | memory for past events,activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit(episodic and semantic) and implicit memories |
| prospective memory | memory to preform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs |
| encoding | modifying information so that it can be placed in memory; the first stage of information processing |
| storage | the maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing |
| maintenance rehearsal | mental repetition of information to keep in memory |
| elaborative rehearsal | the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known |
| retrieval | the location of stored information and it's return to consciousness;the third stage of information processing |
| memory | the processes by which information is encoded,stored,and retrieved |
| sensory memory | the type of stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus;sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous |
| memory trace | an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus |
| icon | a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| iconic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli |
| eidetic imagery | the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes |
| echo | a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| short-term memory | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays |
| working memory | another term for short-term memory |
| serial- position effect | the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| chunk | a stimulus or group of stimuli hat are perceived as a discreet piece of information |
| displace | in memory theory,to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| short-term memory | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays |
| working memory | another term for short-term memory |
| serial- position effect | the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| chunk | a stimulus or group of stimuli hat are perceived as a discreet piece of information |
| displace | in memory theory,to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| Long-term memory | the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage |
| repression | in Freud's psycho-dynamic theory,the ejection of anxiety- evoking ideas from conscious awareness |
| schema | a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation,that can influence perception of persons,objects, and situations |
| tip of the tongue(tot) phenomenon | the feeling that information is stored in memory although it can-not be readily retrieved |
| context -dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored,or learned |
| state - dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored,or learned |
| nonsense syllables | meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between which are used to study memory |
| paired associates | nonsense syllables presented in pairs used to test recall |
| method of savings | a measure of retention in which the number of repetitions initially required to learn a list and the amount of time required to relearn a list after a given amount of time is calculated. |
| savings | the difference between the number of repetitions of need learn a list and the number required to relearn the list after a given amount of time. |
| interference theory | The view that we may forget saved material because other material may interfere with it. (limited space, some is lost) |
| retroactive theory | the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously (short term memory blocks long term memory) |
| proactive theory | Interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve new material (long-term memory blocks short term memory) |
| dissociative amnesia | Loss of memory of personal information thought to come from psychological conflict or trauma |
| infantile amnesia | Inability to recall events before the age of 3 (also called childhood amnesia) |
| hippocampus | A structure of the limbic system critical to the formation of new memories |
| anterograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred after a physical trauma because of a physical trauma (forget the rescue after a car accident) |
| retrograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred before a physical trauma because of a physical trauma (forget where you were going before a car accident) |
| engram | an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace or an assumed chemical change that accompanies learning. From the Greek: en=in and gram=recording |
| long term potentiation (LTP) | enhanced efficiency and synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation |
| misinformation effect | the shaping or bogus or slanted memories by presenting misinformation (as in using leading questions) |
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