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Pharmacology Unit1&2
Pharm notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug? | chemical that affects living process |
| Pharmacology? | study of drugs and their interactions with living systems |
| Clinical Pharmacology? | study of drugs in humans |
| Therapeutics? | diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease/pregnancy |
| Properties of ideal drugs (main 3) | Safety, Selectivity, Effectiveness |
| Safety? | Produce no harmful effects |
| Selectivity? | elicits ONLY the responses for which it is given |
| Effectiveness? | elicits the response for which it is given |
| Six Rights of drug admin | Right; patient, route, dose, time, drug and documentation |
| Nursing Process with drugs | Assess: baseline data, identify high-risk patients. Diagnoses: appropriateness of the regimen. Planning; establish priorities. Implementation: drug admin, education. Evaluation: compliance, satisfaction, drug reactions. |
| Chemical Name? | nomenclature of chemistry |
| Generic Name? | nonproprietary name given by United States Adopted Names Council |
| Trade Name? | proprietary/brand names by the FDA |
| Sources of Drugs (4) | Plants, Animals/Humans, Minerals, Chemical. |
| Drug Classification? (2) | Clinical Indication: Bronchodilator/antifungal drugs Body System: affecting the central nervous system |
| Properties of drugs(3) | drugs modify existing functions(replacing, interrupting, potentiating). Potential to modify more than one function. Combine to receptors. |
| Pharmaceutical? | the drug must be in solution to prepare for absorption |
| Dissolution? | the process by which a drug goes into solution and becomes available for absorption |
| Pharmacokinetic? | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion |
| Ways the drug crosses the membrane? | Passage through channels or pores: very few use. Transport Systems: require energy, move drugs from one side to the other. Direct Penetration: LIPID SOLUBLE only, most drugs use. |
| Absorption? | movement of a drug from site of admin to the blood |
| Parental? | Outside the GI |
| Enteral? | Through the GI |
| Types of Routes for absorption? | IM & SUBQ: capillary walls. IV: no barriers. PO: GI epithelial cells and capillary walls. |
| Distribution? | movement of drugs throughout the body |
| The 3 phases of distribution? | 1.the blood must carry the drug to tissues/organs(BBB/albumin as a barrier) 2.the drug must leave the blood 3.the free bound drug must enter site of action |
| Albumin? | affects the amount of free bound drugs that's in the blood to work on the site of action |
| Metabolism? | alteration of drug structure in the liver using p450 enzymes |
| Metabolism Consequences? | Accelerated renal drug excretion: converts drugs to less lipid soluble compounds |
| Influences on metabolism? | age, liver enzymes, nutritional status, drug competition |
| Excretion? | removal of drugs from the body |
| Excretion process? | 1.Filtration: drugs forced through capillary walls 2.Reabsorption: drugs move through lumen of tubule back into blood 3.Secretion:pumps drugs from blood to urine |
| Other routes for excretion? | breast milk, bile, lungs, sweat, saliva |
| Plasma Drug Levels? | scale that is used for drug therapy to monitor therapeutic and toxic response |
| Minimum Effective Concentration? | the minimal dosage level to indict a response |
| Therapeutic Range? | between the MEC and toxic level. the wider the better |
| Toxic Concentration? | drugs levels are too high |
| Single Dose Time Course? | line scale that rise when drug levels occur and lower as metabolism and excretion occur. |
| Drug half-life? | time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50% |
| Repeated Dose Course? | multiple dosing lead to drug accumulation. using the drug half life to find a plateau. |
| Loading Dose? | dose given to quickly achieve plateau followed by maintenance dose |
| Pharmacodynamics? | What drugs do in the body and how |
| Dose-Response Relationship? | the relationship between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response, used for drug therapy |
| Maximal Efficacy? | largest effect the drug can produce |
| Potency? | dosage needed to produce effects |
| Relative Potency? | amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect. same as MEC |
| Drug-Receptor Interactions? | reversible response to either mimic or block receptors actions |
| Receptor? | any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to,to produce an effect |
| Theories of Drug-Receptor interaction?(2) | 1.Simple occupancy: the intensity of the response to a drug is equal to the number of receptors used 2.Modified occupancy: the strength used a drug and receptor to attach is equal to the ability of a drug to activate a receptor |
| Agonists? | mimic body's action |
| Antagonists? | block the body's action |
| Partial Agonists? | lower response then agonists but still mimics |
| ED50 | the recommended dose to cause therapeutic response for 50% of the population |
| LD50 | the lethal dose tested that is too lethal on 50% of the tested animals |
| Therapeutic Index? | measure the drugs safety using a ratio. the larger the number the safer the drug |
| Drug-Drug Interaction? | 2 or more drugs are taken |
| The outcomes of Drug-Drug interaction?(3) | 1.intensification/Potentiative: one drug may intensify the effects of the other 2.Reduction of effect: inhibits the effects of other drugs 3.Unique response: new response not seen by individual drug |
| Mechanisms of Drug-Drug Interaction? | 1.Direct: both drugs inactive 2.Pharmacokinetic: altered phases 3.Pharmacodydamics: one drug alters the effects of the other 4.Cobined Toxicity |
| Drug-Food Interaction? (3) | food decrease rate of absorption, grapefruit juice inhibits a drug from metabolizing, or have a direct effect on drug actions |
| Adverse Drug Reactions? | unintended effect that occurs at normal drug dose |
| Side Effect? | unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses |
| Toxicity? | adverse drug reaction by excessive dosing |
| Allergic Reaction? | Immune response |
| Iatrogenic Disease? | disease produced by drugs |
| Physical Dependence? | body adapts to prolong drug exposure |
| Carcinogenic Effect? | meds cause cancer |
| Teratogenic Effect? | drug induced birth effect |
| Individual Variation? | Body weight, composition, age, gender, pathophysiology, |
| Tolerance? Type of Individual Variation. | decreased responsiveness of a drug due to repeated doses |
| Pharmacodynamics Tolerance? | decrease responsiveness due to long term admin of drugs, causing a high MEC |
| Metabolic Tolerance? | decreased responsiveness due to accelerated drug metabolism, making the drug to metabolize faster. |
| Tachyphylaxis? | reduction in drug responsiveness by short time repeated dosing |
| Placebo Effect? | control testing new meds by using psychological factors |
| Idiosyncratic Effects? | unique drug response based on genetic heritage |
| Pharmacokinetics(peds)? | each phase is altered due to immature organs, greater bodily fluid and body fat |
| Absorption(peds)? | P.O drugs are delayed due to low Ph levels, IM is uncertain due to blood flow, IV must be diluted and given intraosseous, Topical is absorbed greater |
| Distribution(peds)? | The percent body fat, water content, blood volume and blood flow is inconsistent |
| Metabolism(peds)? | Hepatic enzymes are low |
| Excretion(peds)? | filtration is common mechanism and have a 50% longer half life then adults. |
| Pharmacodynamics(peds) | produce the same effects as adults but the response differs. |
| Preferred Peds med admin techniques? | IM on vastus lateralis or rectus femoris of the thigh. no more than 1 ml. |
| 4 families of receptors | 1.Cell membrane: agonist span over membrane . 2.Gated Ion: span membrane to regulate ions. 3.G-Protien: use agonist to activate G-Protein. 4.Transcription: regulate protein synthesis, may take hours |
Created by:
aneshia
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