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CIS454-Ch.3(Part 2)
Requirements Determination
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| True | The best analysts thoroughly gather requirements using a variety of techniques & make sure that the current business processes and the needs of the new system are well understood before moving into design. |
| True | All of the key stakeholders must be included in the requirements-gathering process. |
| 2 Challenges of Requirements Gathering | 1) Involving all key stakeholders 2) Choosing the way information is collected |
| 5 Requirements Gathering Techniques | 1) Interviews 2) Questionnaires 3) Observation 4) Joint Application Development (JAD) sessions 5) Document Analysis |
| Interview | Most commonly used requirements gathering technique; is generally conducted one-on-one where an interviewer questions the interviewee. |
| 5 Steps of the Interview Process | 1) Selecting Interviewees 2) Designing interview questions 3) Preparing for the interview 4) Conducting the interview 5) Post interview follow-up |
| Interview Schedule | List of all of the people who will be interviewed, when, and for what purpose; can be an informal list that is used to help set up meeting times, or a formal list that is incorporated into the workplan. |
| True | It is important to include both managers who manage the processes and staff who actually perform the processes to gain both high-level and low-level perspectives on an issue. |
| 3 Types of Interview Questions | 1) Closed-ended questions 2) Open-ended questions 3) Probing questions |
| Closed-Ended Questions | Questions that require a specific answer (i.e. - multiple choice or arithmetic questions). |
| Closed-ended questions | ______-_____ _________ are used when an analyst is looking for specific, precise information. |
| Open-ended Questions | Questions that leave room for elaboration on the part of the interviewee (i.e. - essay questions). |
| Open-ended questions | ____-_____ _________ are designed to gather rich information and give the interviewee more control over the information that is revealed during the interview. |
| Probing Question | Questions that follow-up on what has just been discussed in order to learn more, and they are often used when the interviewer is unclear about an interviewee's answer. |
| Probing Questions | _______ _________ encourage the interviewee to expand on, or to confirm information from a previous response, and they signal that the interviewer is listening and is interested in the topic under discussion. |
| Unstructured Interviews | Interviews that seek broad and roughly defined information. |
| Unstructured Interviews | ____________ __________ are the most challenging interviews to conduct because they require the interviewer to ask open ended questions and probe for important information on the fly. |
| Structured Interviews | Specific sets of questions are developed before the interviews; usually consist of more closed ended questions. |
| 2 Fundamental Approaches to Organizing Interview Questions | 1) Top-down 2) Bottom-up |
| Top-Down Interview | The interviewer starts with broad, general issues and gradually works toward more specific ones (most common approach). |
| Bottom-Up Interview | The interviewer starts with very specific questions and moves to broad questions. |
| Top-down | The ___-____ approach enables the interviewee to raise a set of big picture issues before becoming enmeshed in details, so that the interviewer is less likely to miss important issues. |
| False | In general, open-ended questions take more time to prepare than unstructured interviews. |
| True | The first goal for the interviewer when conducting an interview is to build rapport with the interviewee. |
| True | It is critical to carefully record all of the information that the interviewee provides. |
| True | One good strategy to increase understanding during an interview is to periodically summarize the key points that the interviewee is communicating. |
| Interview Report | A report that describes the information from the interview. |
| Interview Notes | Information that was collected over the course of the interview and is summarized in a useful format. |
| Interview Report | Often, the _________ ______ is sent to the interviewee with a request to read it and inform the analyst of clarifications and updates. |
| Joint Application Development (JAD) | An information gathering technique that allows the project team, users, and management to work together to identify requirements for the system; IBM developed this in the 1970's and is often the most useful method for collecting information from users. |
| True | Capers Jones claims that JAD can reduce scope creep by 50%. |
| JAD | ___ is a structured process in which ten to twenty users meet together under the direction of a facilitator skilled in ___ techniques. |
| Facilitator | Person who sets the meeting agenda and guides the discussion, but does not join in the discussion as a participant; remains neutral. |
| Scribes | Assist the facilitator by recording notes, making copies and so on; often times they use computers and CASE tools to record information from the JAD session. |
| JAD | Most ___ sessions take place in a specially prepared meeting room, away from the participant's offices so that they are not interrupted. |
| JAD Suffers From 3 Problems Associated with Groups | 1) Reluctance to challenge others opinions 2) A few people dominate the discussion 3) Not everyone participates |
| Electronic JAD (E-JAD) | Type of JAD that tries to overcome traditional group problems by using groupware. |
| 5 Steps of JAD | 1)Select participants 2)Design a JAD session 3)Prepare analysts and participants for JAD session 4) Conduct the JAD session 5) Post JAD follow-up report (post session report) |
| True | One key difference between JAD & interviewing is that all JAD sessions are structured - they MUST be carefully planned. |
| Ground Rules | Define appropriate behavior; include following the schedule, respecting others opinions, accepting disagreement, and ensuring only one person talks at a time. |
| 3 Key Functions of the JAD Facilitator | 1) Ensures that the group sticks to the agenda 2) Facilitator must help the group understand technical terms & help participants understand specific analysis techniques used. 3) Records the group's input on a public display area (i.e. - whiteboard) |
| True | The group is always right, and the facilitator has no opinion. |
| Post-Session Report | Report used for JAD follow-up that describes information from the JAD session (Similar to an interview report). |
| Questionnaire | A set of written questions used to obtain information from individuals; often used when there is a large number of people from whom information and opinions are needed. |
| Questionnaires | ______________ are a common technique with systems intended for use outside the organization (i.e. - customers or vendors) or for systems with business users spread across many geographic locations. |
| 4 Steps of Questionnaires | 1) Select questionnaire participants 2) Design good questions 3) Get participants to complete the questionnaire and send it back 4) Complete questionnaire follow-up report. |
| Sample | A subset of people who are representative of an entire group. |
| True | You must have a clear understanding of how the information collected from the questionnaire will be analyzed and used. |
| Document Analysis | Used to understand as-is system; involves analyzing and reviewing the documentation and examining the system itself. |
| 7 Common Helpful Documents | 1) Paper reports 2) Memorandums 3) Policy Manuals 4) User-training Manuals 5) Organization charts 6) Forms 7) UI |
| True | The most common indication of when the system needs to be changed is when users create their own forms or add additional information to existing ones. |
| Observation | The act of watching processes being performed, is a powerful tool for gathering information about the as-is system because it enables the analyst to see the reality of a situation, rather than listening to others describe it in interviews or JAD sessions. |
| Observation | ___________ is a good way to check validity of information gathered from indirect sources such as interviews and questionnaires. |
| Observation | ___________ supports the information that users provide in interviews. |
| 6 Characteristics of Requirements-Gathering Techniques | 1) Type of information 2) Depth of information 3) Breadth of information 4) Integration of information 5) User involvement 6) Cost |
| Type of Information | The extent to which a requirements-gathering technique is suited for a particular analysis process. |
| Depth of Information | How rich and detailed the information is that the technique usually produces and the extent to which the technique is useful for obtaining not only facts and opinions, but also an understanding of why those facts and opinions exist. |
| Breadth of Information | The range of information and information sources that can be easily collected using the chosen technique. |
| Integration of Information | The ease of integrating the information gathered from direct sources. |
| Integration of Information | The immediate ___________ __ ___________ is the single most important benefit of JAD. |
| User Involvement | The amount of time and energy the intended users of the new system must devote to the analysis process. |
| True | As users become more involved in the analysis process, the greater the chance of success increases. |
| True | Questionnaires, observation, and document analysis are low-cost techniques. |
| JAD Sessions | ___ ________ significantly reduces the time spent in information integration and thus can cost less in the long-run. |
| System Proposal | The ______ ________ brings together into a single comprehensive document the material created during planning and analysis. |
| 10 Parts of The System Proposal | 1) Table of Contents 2) Executive Summary 3) System request 4) Workplan 5) Feasibility analysis 6) Requirements definition 7) Functional model 8) Structural model 9) Behavioral model 10) Appendices |
| Executive Summary | A summary of all the essential information in the proposal, so a busy executive can read it quickly and decide what parts of the proposal to read in more depth. |
| Functional Model | An activity diagram, a set of use case descriptions, and a use-case diagram that illustrate the basic processes of external functionality that the system needs to support. |
| Structural Model | A set of CRC cards, class diagram, and object diagrams that describe the structural aspects of the to-be system. |
| Behavioral Model | A set of sequence diagrams, communication diagrams, behavioral state machines, and a CRUDE matrix that describe the internal behavior of the to-be system. |
Created by:
Jordan.WBL