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Chapter 6
The Human Puzzle Chapter 6 Study Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Androgens | Male sex hormones, the most important of which are testosterone and androsterone. Control the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and are importantly involved in sexual motivation. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | A medical condition, not due to any detectable illness, involving an obsessive fear of gaining weight. |
| Aphagia | The Latin prefixes a and ab signify “against” or “opposed to.” Aphagia indicates insufficient eating. |
| Arousal | As a physiological concept, refers to changes in functions such as heart rate, respiration rate, electrical activity in the cortex, and electrical conductivity of the skin. As a psychological concept, refers to degree of alertness or wakefulness. |
| Arousal Theory | A motivational theory that looks at how intensity of motivation is related to physiological changes. |
| Attribution Theory | A theory that looks for regularities in how people attribute outcomes to causes. |
| Binge Eating Disorder | A medical condition characterized by episodes of uncontrolled compulsive eating, not followed by attempts to get rid of excess food and calories. |
| Bulimia | An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by severe dieting and sometimes purging or the use of laxatives and diuretics or extreme exercise. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | A state of conflict between beliefs and behavior or between expectations and behavior. |
| Drive | The tendency to behave that is brought about by an unsatisfied need; for example, the need for food is associated with a hunger drive. |
| Drive Reduction | The satisfaction of a need by eliminating the drive associated with it. |
| Electrodermal Response | A measure of the skin’s conductivity, which typically increases with perspiration and therefore with heightened arousal. |
| Emotion | A synonym of feeling. A cognitive and physiological state describable with words such as anxious, angry, sad, confused, cautious, lonely, and a huge number of similar terms. |
| Entity Theory | Dweck’s label for the belief that ability is a fixed, unchanging entity. |
| Estrogen | One of the main hormones produced by the ovaries. Centrally involved in sexual maturation of females. Also found in males, but in lesser quantities. |
| Expectancy-Value Theory | A cognitive approach to motivation that describes decision making as involving a sort of mental calculus in which the most important factors are expectancy of success (feelings of self-efficacy) on the one hand, and the values and costs associated with the various options on the other. |
| Hyperphagia | Derived from Latin terms meaning excessive (hyper) and eating (phagia). |
| Incentive Motivation | A motivational concept relating to the attractiveness or subjective value attached to a behavior or goal. |
| Incremental Theory | Dweck’s label for the belief that ability is changeable through work and effort. |
| Instincts | Complex, species-specific, relatively unmodifiable patterns of behaviors, such as migration or nesting in some birds and animals. |
| Locus of Control | The individual’s tendency to attribute responsibility for behavior and its outcomes to external or internal sources. |
| Metaneeds | Maslow’s term for higher needs, including the need to grow, to achieve, to know truth, beauty, and justice, and to self-actualize. |
| Motivation | The conscious or unconscious forces that lead to behavior. |
| Need for Achievement (nAch) | The need to meet some inner standard of excellence,a personality variable that varies from one individual to another. |
| Nominal Fallacy | The assumption that naming something explains it. |
| Obesity | Technically, a body mass index of 30 or more (computed by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters). |
| Physiological Needs | Basic biological needs, such as the need for food, sex, water, and temperature regulation. |
| Psychological Hedonism | The belief that humans act primarily to avoid pain and to obtain pleasure. |
| Psychological Needs | Human needs other than those dealing with basic physical requirements: for example, the need to belong, to feel safe, to love and be loved, to maintain a high opinion of oneself, and to develop one’s potential. |
| Self-actualization | The process or act of self-fulfillment—of achieving an awareness of one’s identity, of developing one’s potential. |
| Self-efficacy | Judgments we make about how effective we are in given situations. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | States that the effectiveness of performance is an inverted U-shaped function of arousal, such that very low and very high levels of arousal are associated with the least effective behavior. |
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