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Chapter 7
The Human Puzzle Chapter 7 Study Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accommodation | In Piaget’s theory, the modification of an activity or an ability that a child has already learned, to conform to environmental demands. |
| Active Vocabulary | Words actually used in speech. |
| Alleles | Each of two corresponding forms of a gene, one being inherited from each parent. |
| Animistic Thinking | Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. |
| Artificial Insemination | The process of introducing sperm in a female’s reproductive tract without sexual intercourse. |
| Assimilation | In Piaget’s theory, the act of incorporating objects or aspects of objects into previously learned activities. The exercising of previously learned responses. |
| Chromosomes | In the nucleus of all cells,the microscopic bodies that contain genes,which are the carriers of heredity. |
| Conception | The beginning of life, or fertilization. |
| Conservation | A Piagetian term implying that certain quantitative attributes of objects remain unchanged unless something is added to or taken away from them. |
| Daydreaming | Engaging in waking dreams or reveries that are mainly under the dreamer’s control. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A substance assumed to be the basis of all life, consisting of four chemical bases arranged in a mind-boggling number of combinations in the form of a double spiral (helix). |
| Difficult Infants | A type of temperament characterized by irregularity with respect to things like eating, sleeping, and toilet functions; withdrawal from unfamiliar situations; slow adaptation to change; and intense as well as negative moods. |
| Dizygotic Twins | Twins that result from two separate eggs and that are therefore fraternal (nonidentical). |
| Dominant Gene | A gene that takes precedence over other genes in determining a related trait. |
| Dyadic Interactions | Interactions involving two individuals. |
| Easy Infants | A temperament type marked by high regularity in behaviors such as eating and sleeping; high interest in novel situations; high adaptability to change; and a preponderance of positive moods. |
| Egocentrism | Based on Latin words for self (ego) and center—hence a self-centered behavior, attitude, or personality characteristic. Egocentric thought is characterized by an inability to assume an objective point of view. |
| Embryo | The developing fetus, between 2 and 8 weeks after conception. |
| Fallopian Tube | One of two tubes that link the ovaries and the uterus, where conception ordinarily occurs. |
| Fast Mapping | The learning of a concept, like a word, in a single trial. |
| Genes | The carriers of heredity. |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup. The assortment of genes that compose the individuals genetic code |
| Gonads | Hormone-producing sex glands. Testes in the male; ovaries in the female. |
| Holophrase | A word the child uses to convey as much meaning as an adult would convey with a much longer phrase. |
| Identity | In Erikson’s theory, a term closely related to self. To achieve identity is to arrive at a clear notion of who one is. |
| Imaginary Audience | An egocentric tendency to assume that we are the focus of other people’s attention, that everyone is aware of and interested in our dress and behavior. |
| Imaginary Playmate | My imaginary playmate is my best friend and goes everywhere with me and likes a lot of the same things I do and gets upset if I don’t say hello and . . . |
| In Vitro Fertilization | The fertilization of egg cells outside the womb—literally in glass (in vitro). |
| Infancy | The first 2 years of life. |
| Intuitive Thinking | Thought based on immediate comprehension rather than logical processes. |
| Magical Thinking | Thinking, often characteristic of preschoolers and young children, that is not entirely logical or scientifically valid, but rather inventive and surprising and sometimes bizarre— hence magical. |
| Menarche | A girl’s first menstrual period. |
| Monozygotic Twins | Twins resulting fromthe division of a single fertilized egg—hence identical twins. |
| Nature-Nurture Controversy | The debate over whether heredity or environment is most influential in determining develop-mental outcomes. |
| Object Concept | Piaget’s expression fora child’s understanding that the world is composed of objects that continue to exist when they aren’t being sensed. |
| Operation | Piaget’s term for a thought process characterized by certain rules of logic. |
| Ovum | The sex cell produced by a mature female, consisting of 23 chromosomes rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| Passive Vocabulary | Words that are understood but that may not actually be used in speech. |
| Personal Fable | An expression of adolescent egocentrism marked by the elaboration of fantasies, the hero of which is the adolescent. |
| Phenotype | A person’s manifested characteristics, resulting from the interaction of genotype with the environment. (See genotype.) |
| Placenta | A flat, thick membrane attached to the inside of the uterus during pregnancy, connected to the fetus by means of the umbilical cord. |
| Play | Activities with no goal other than the enjoyment derived from them. |
| Protowords | The infant’s first word-like sounds used to signify a specific person or object. |
| Psychosocial Development | Erikson’s phrase to describe human development as a sequence of stages involving the resolution of crises that are mainly social. |
| Puberty | Sexual maturity following pubescence. |
| Pubescence | Changes of adolescence leading to sexual maturity. |
| Recessive Gene | A gene whose characteristics are not manifested in offspring when paired with the corresponding dominant gene. |
| Schema (Also Scheme or Schemata) | Label used by Piaget to describe a unit in cognitive structure. A scheme is, in one sense, an activity together with its structural connotations. In another sense, a scheme may be thought of as an idea or a concept. It usually labels a specific activity: the looking scheme, the grasping scheme, the sucking scheme. |
| Sensorimotor | First stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. It describes how infants understand their world. They understand their world mainly in terms of the activities they perform and the sensations that result. |
| Sex Chromosome | A chromosome in sperm and egg cells responsible for determining the sex of the offspring. |
| Sex-Linked Defects | Defects due to the action of a gene located on the sex chromosome, most often on the X chromosome, and most often manifested in males. |
| Slow-To-Warm-Up Infants | An infant temperament type marked by low activity level; high initial withdrawal from the unfamiliar; slow adaptation to change; and a somewhat negative mood, with moderate or low intensity of reaction. |
| Socialization | The process of learning behaviors that are appropriate and inappropriate for a given culture. |
| Sperm Cell | The sex cell produced by a mature male, consisting of 23 chromosomesrather than 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| Temperament | A characteristic way of thinking or behaving. |
| Transitive Inference | A type of logical thinking in which an inference is made about the relationship of two objects or events by comparing them with a third rather than by comparing them directly. |
| Umbilical Cord | A long, thick cord attached to the placenta at one end and to what will be the child’s navel at the other. |
| Uterus | The womb, where the infant develops prenatally. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg cell (ovum), formed from the union of sperm and ovum, consisting of 46 chromosomes. |
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