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Week 2-3 class 118
Medical Terminology 118
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ventral | Refers to belly or underside of a body or part |
| Dorsal | Refers to the back |
| Cranial | Means toward the head |
| Caudal | Means towards the rear of the body |
| Anterior | means front of the body - used more for organs |
| Posterior | Means rear of the body |
| Rostral | Means nose end of the head |
| Cephalic | Means pertaining to the head |
| Medial | Means toward the midline |
| Lateral | Means away from the midline |
| Superior | Means uppermost, above or toward the head |
| Inferior | Means lowermost, below or towards the tail |
| Proximal | Means neares the midline or the nearest to the beginning of a structure |
| Distal | Means farthest from the medline or farthest from the beginning of a structure |
| Superficial | Means near the surface, also called External |
| Deep | Means away from the surface also called Internal |
| Palmer | Means the Caudal surface of the Manus ( front paw ) including the carpus ( means palm of the hand ) |
| Plantar | Means the caudal surface of the pes ( rear paw) inclucing the tarsus ( means sole of the foot ) |
| Midsagittal Plane | The plane that divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves ( also called the Median ) |
| Sagittal | The plane that divedes the body into UNequal right and left halves |
| Dorsal Plane | Divides the body into upper ( dorsal ) and lower (ventral ) parts. Also called the Frontal plane |
| Transverse Plane | is the plane that divides the body into head ( cranial ) and rear ( claudal ) parts |
| -logy | the study of |
| Anatomy | the study of the body |
| Physiology | the study of the functions |
| Pathology | the study of the nature, causes and delvelopement of abnormal conditions |
| -logist | specialist |
| Arcade | how teeth are arranged in the mouth |
| Palatal or Lingual surface | part of the tooth that faces the tongue |
| Buccal surface | part of the tooth that faces the cheek, sometimes called the Vestibular |
| Occlusal surface | the surface that meets while chewing |
| Labial surface | teeth that face the lips |
| Contact surface | the sides of the teeth that touch each other also called Mesial and Distal |
| Cavity | Is the hollow space in the body that contains and protects organs |
| Cranial cavity | contains and protects the brain in the skull |
| Spinal cavity | the hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column |
| Thoracic cavity( chest cavity ) | the hollow space that contains the heart, lungs within the ribs |
| Abdominal cavity ( Peritoneal cavity ) | is the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located betweent the diaphragm and pelvic cavity |
| Pelvic Cavity | hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems ( urinary, bladder and rectum) |
| Abdomen | between the thorax and pelvic |
| Thorax | chest region between neck and diaphragm |
| Groin (inguinal) | caudal region adjacent the thigh |
| Membranes | thin layers of tussue that cover a surface, line a cavity or divide a space or an organ |
| Peritoneum | membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavity and covers some organs in this area |
| Pariteal peritoneum | the outer layer of the peritoneum tha lines the abdomen and pelvic cavities |
| Visceral peritoneum | inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs |
| Peritonitis | inflamation of the peritoneum |
| Umbilicus (navel) | pit in the abdonminal wall marking point where umbilical enters fetus |
| Mesentery | layer of the peritoneum that suspends part of the intestine to the abdominal cacity |
| Dorsal Recumbency | lying on ones back |
| Ventral Recumbency (sternal ) | lying on ones belly |
| Left lateral recumbency | lying on ones left side |
| Right lateral recumbency | lying on ones right side |
| Adduction | movement towards the midline |
| Abduction | movement away from the midline |
| Flexion | closure of a joint angle, reduction of an angle between 2 bones-contracting biceps |
| Extension | straightening of a joint angle or increase the angle between bones. |
| Hyperflexion ( Hyperextension ) | joint is flexed or extened too far |
| Supination | rotating the limb or body so that the palmer surface is turned upward |
| Pronation | rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is is turned downward |
| Rotation | movement that is circular around an axis |
| Cells | structural units of the body. |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| Protoplasm | combination of cell memebrane, nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Cell Membrane (plasma membrane 0 | the structure lining the cell that protects the contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus. contains Organelles that that are the functional machinery of the cell. |
| Organelles | specific roll in the metabolic reactions that take place in the cytoplasm |
| Nucleolus | produces RNA that forms ribosomes, housed inside the Nucleus |
| Centrioles | rod shaped organelles that maintain shape and move chromosomes during cell replications. |
| Mitochondria | energy producers of the cell. large oval shaped |
| Golgi apparatus | chemical processors of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Collection of folded membranes that may contain ribosomes ( know as rough endoplasmic reticulum which synthesize protein) or maybe void of folds known as smooth ER which systhesizes lipid and some carbohydrates |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| Vacuoles | small membrane-bound organelles containing water, food or metabolic waste |
| Lysomes | digestive system of the cell |
| Nucleas | contains the nucleolus and nucleoplasm, chromosomes and surrounding membrane |
| Nucleoplasm | is the material in the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | are the structure in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information |
| Genetic | something that pertians to genes or heredity |
| Genetic Disorder | inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| Congenital | present at birth |
| Anomoly | deviaton from the norm |
| Tissue | specialized cells that are similar in structure and function |
| Histology | study of the structure, compostion and function of tissue |
| Epithelial | covers internal and external body surfaces and made of tightly packed cells |
| Epi- | means above |
| -Thel/- | thin membrane |
| -um | stucture |
| Squamos | flat cells |
| Cuboidal | cube shaped cells |
| Columnar | column shaped cells |
| Stratified | multilayered cells |
| Endothelium | cellular covering that forms lining of internal organs including blood vessels |
| Mesothelium | cellular covering that forms the lining of serous(inner) membranes such as peritoneum |
| Serous | inner layer |
| Connective Tissue | another tissue type, adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together ( bone, cartilage, dense connective -tendons and ligaments, loose connective-attached to abdominal organs, and blood |
| Adipose Tissue | connective tissue called fat or lipid tissue |
| MuscleTissue | 3 types- skeletal, smooth and cardiac-contains cell material with the specalized abiltiy to contract and relax |
| Nervous tissue | contains cells that specialize in the ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impluses. |
| -plasia | formation, developement, number of cells(growth) in an organ or tissue |
| -trophy | formation, development and size of an organ or tissue of individual cells |
| Anaplasia | change in structure of cell and their orientation to each other |
| Aplasia | lack of developement of an organ, tissue or cell |
| Dysplasia | abnormal growth or development of an organ tissue or cell |
| Hyperplasia | abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue |
| Hypoplasia | incomplete or less than normal development in an organ , tissue or cell |
| Neoplasia | abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells in incontrolled and more rapid than normal and progressive. usually forms a distinct mass of tissue called a tumor. |
| Benign tumor | not recurring |
| Maglignant tumor | tending to spread and an be life threatening |
| -oma | tumor or neoplasm |
| Atrophy | decrease in size of complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell |
| Dystrophy | defective growth in the size of an organ tissue or cell |
| Hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ, tissue or cell |
| Glands | Aden/o specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body |
| Exocrine glands | group of cells that secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ. Example-sweat glad excretes outside body or sebaceous glands secrete chimicals into the digestive tract |
| Endocrine | cells that secrete chemicals directly into the bloodstream which transports them throughout the body, these are ductless glands example: thyroid, pituitary, pancreas |
| Organ | part of the body that preforems a special function(s) |
| Oste/o, Oss/e, Oss/i | Bones- skeletal system |
| Arthr/o | Joints-skeletal system |
| Chondr/o | Cartilage-skeletal system |
| My/o | muscles-muscular system |
| Fasc/i, Fasci/o | Fascia -muscular system |
| Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendons- muscular system |
| cardi/o | heart- cardiovascular system |
| Ateri/o | arteries-cardiovascular system |
| ven/o, phleb/o | veins- cardiovascular system |
| Hem/o, hemat/o | blood-cardiovascular system |
| lymph/o | lymph vessels-lymphatic and immune systems |
| tonsill/i | Tonsils-lymphatic and immune systems |
| Splen/o | spleen-lymphatic and immune systems |
| thym/o | thymus-lymphatic and immune systems |
| nas/o, rhin/o | nose or nares- respiratory system |
| pharyng/o | pharynx-respiratory system |
| trache/o | trachea-respiratory system -Laryng/o |
| Laryng/o | larynx -respiratory system |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon.o | lungs-respiratory system |
| or/o stomat/o | mouth- digestive system |
| esophag/o | esophagus digestive system |
| gastr/o | stomach -digestive system |
| enter/o | small intestines-digestive system |
| col/o, colon/o | large intestine -digestive system |
| hepat/o | liver- digestive system |
| pancreat/o | pancreas-digestive system |
| ren/o, nephr/o | kidneys- urinary system |
| ureter/o | ureters-urinary system |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder-urinary system |
| urethr/o | urethra-urinary system |
| Neur/o, neur/i | nerves- nervous system/senses |
| encephal/o | brain-nervous system/senses |
| myel/o | spinal cord-nervous system/senses |
| ophthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i | eyes-nervous system/senses |
| optic/o | sight-nervous system/senses |
| ot/o, audit/o, aud/i | ears-nervous system/senses |
| aur/i, aur/o | external ear-nervous system/senses |
| acoust/o, acous/o | sound-nervous system/senses |
| dermat/o, derm/p. cutane/o | skin- integumentary system |
| adren/o | adrenals -endocrine system |
| gonad/o | gonads-endocrine system |
| pineal/o | pineal-endocrine system |
| pituit/o | pituitary -endocrine system |
| thyroid/o | thyroid- endocrine system |
| orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o | testes- reproductive system |
| ovari/o, oophoroo | ovaries-reproductive system |
| hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i, metri/o, uter/o | uterus-reproductive system |
| 1 | uno, mono |
| 2 | duo, bi, dyo |
| 3 | tri |
| 4 | quadri, quadro, tetr, tetra |
| 5 | quinqu, quint, pent, penta |
| 6 | sex, hex, hexa |
| 7 | sept, septi, hept, hepta |
| 8 | octo, oct, octa |
| 9 | novem, momus, ennea |
| 10 | deca, decem, dek, deka |
| Tendons | connects muscle to bone |
| Ligaments | connects bone to bone |
| Ossification | formation of bone from fibrous tissue, cartilage |
| Osteoblasts | immature bone cells ( fetus to birth ) |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells, hardened bone |
| Physis | growth, cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of bone also called growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage |
| dia | between |
| peri | surrounding |
| -um | structure |
| meta | beyond |
| Cortical bone ( compact bone ) | hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outerlayer of bone( compact bone) cortex= bark or shell |
| Cancellous ( laticework) bone | lighter, less strong bone found in the ends and inner portions of long bones, spongy bones |
| Epiphysis | wide end of long bone, covered with cartilage and cancellous bone |
| Proximal epiphysis | located nears the midline of the body |
| Distal epiphysis | located farthest away from the midline |
| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone |
| Metaphysis | wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis |
| Periosteum | tough fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone |
| Endosteum | tough fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary ( interspace ) cavity |
| Long bones | consisting of a shaft, two ends, marrow cavity ( femur, humerous) |
| Short bones | cube shaped, with no marrow cavity ( carpal bones ) |
| flat bones | thin, flat one( pelvis) |
| Pneumatic bones | sinus-containing bones ( frontal bone) |
| irregular bones | unpaired bones ( vertabrae ) |
| sesamoid bones | small bones embedded in a tendon ( patella) |
| Cartilage | connective tissue that is more elastic than bone, used in the more flexible parts of the skeleton |
| Articular cartilage | covers the joint surfaces of bone |
| Meniscus cartilage | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints ( stifle) cusions forces applied to joints |
| Articulate | join in a way that allows motion betwen parts. |
| Synarthroses | allow no movement ( cranium suture, fontenelle) |
| Amphiarthroses | allow slight movement pelvic( joined tha the symphysis) |
| Diarthroses | allows free movement, synovial joints ( ball and socket ) |
| Suture | jagged lines where bone is joined and forma a nonmoveable joint |
| Symphysis | a joint where two bones are joined and held firmly together so that they function as one ( pelvic bone, mandibular bone- lower jaw) |
| Synovial jonts | ball and socket joints also called Enarthrosis, speroid |
| Arthrodial( condyloid ) joints | oval protusions that fit a socket |
| Trochoid joints | pulley shaped joints |
| Hinge joints | allow motion in one plane or direction |
| Saddle joint | located in the thumb( only humans and primates have these) allows joint to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct( circular motion) |
| Bursa | fibrous sac that acts as a cushon to ease movement in areas of friction-shoulder joint |
| Synovial membrane | Bursa and synovial joints have an inner lining that secretes fluid to act as a lubricant to make joint movement smoothe |
| Axial skeleton | the framework of the body that includes skull, auditory ossicles, hynoid bone, vertebral column , ribs, and sternum |
| Appendiculare skeleton | extremeties, shoulder and pelvic girdle |
| Cranium | portion of the skull that encloses the brain |
| Frontal | forms the roof of the cranial cavity or front. some species have horns here |
| Parietal | paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity |
| Occipital | forms the lower cranium where the foramen magnum or opening for the spinal cord |
| Foramen | is an opening in the bone which tissue passes |
| temporal | paired bone that forms the sides and base of the cranium |
| Ethmoid | forms the rostral part if the bone cranium cavity (nose area) |
| Incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares-nostral |
| Pterygoid | forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx |
| Sinuses | air or fluid filled spaces in the skull |
| Brachycephalic | dogs heads that are short and wide ( pugs, pekingese) |
| Dolichocephalic | dogs heads that are long and narrow ( Collies and greyhounds) |
| Mesocephalic/mesaticephalic | dogs heads that are average in width and length ex: labs. |
| Xygomatic | forms the orbit and cheekbone, projections from the temporal and xygomatic bone form the cheekbone |
| Maxilla | forms the upper jaw |
| Mandible | forms the lower jaw |
| Palatine | forms the hard palate |
| lacrimal | forms the medial part of the orbit |
| nasal | forms the bridge of the nose |
| Hyoid | suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx |
| Vertabral column | backbone, spinal column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. contains vertabra |
| Vertabra | individual bone along the spinal column |
| Arch | dorsal part of a vertabra that surrounds the spinal cord |
| Lamina | left or right dorsal have of the arch |
| Process | means projection |
| Spinous process | single projection from the dorsal part of the vertabral arch |
| Transverse process | latteral projections of the vertable arch |
| Articular process | paired cranial and claudal projections located on the dorusm of the vertical arch |
| Foramen | the opening in the middle of the vertabra through which the spinal cord passes |
| Inververtebral discs | seperate and cushioned disks inbetween vertabra |
| Vertabral regions | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, Coccygeal (caudal) |
| Cervical | area C, first vertabra(C1) is called Atlas, 2nd vertabra(C2) Axis |
| Thoracic | area T, chest area |
| Lumbar | Loin area |
| Sacral | Sacrum area |
| Coccygeal | Tail area |
| Sternum | breast bone, forms the midline ventral portion of the ribs, divided into 3 parts. |
| Ribs | paired bones that attach the thoracic vertebrae |
| Sternum-Manubrium | is the cranial portion of the the sternum |
| Sternum-body | is the middle portion |
| Sternum -Xiphoid process | is the caudal portion |
| Thoracic cavity | ribs, sternum thoracic vertabra |
| Appendicular skeleton | scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals and phalanges |
| Scapula | shoulder blade, triangular bone on the side of the neck or thorax |
| Clavicle | collar bone, connects the sternum to the scapula, some animal species dont have a clavicle ex: pigs and horses |
| Humerus/brachium | long bone in the upper arm, proximal front limb |
| Radius | larger bone in the forearm or distal front limb |
| Ulna | smaller bone in the forearm or distal front limb, or caudal bone of the Radius |
| Carpal bones | irregularly shaped bones in the area known as the wrist, or carpus in animals. known as the knee in large animals |
| Metacarpals | are found distal(beyond) to the carpal bones, there can be several of these depending on the species, front leg |
| Phalanges | are the finger bones or bones of the digit.1 bone of the flanges is called a phalanx, these bones are numbered(3) from proximal medial and distal. digit one is a dewclaw in dogs and cats, |
| Pastern joint | is located between P1 and P2 |
| Coffin joint | located between P2 and P3 |
| Oynch/o | claw or P3 |
| Pelvic /Hip | consists of 3 bones ilium, ischium and pubis |
| Ilium | largest pelvic bone and is blade shaped it articulates with the sacrum for for the sacrioliac joing |
| Ischium | the caudal pair of bones |
| Pubis | the ventral pair of bones that are fused on the midline by a cartilage joint called the pubic symphysis |
| Acetabulum | large socket of pelvic bone that forms where 3 bones meet, the ball and socket joint with the femur |
| Femur | thigh bone, proximal long bone of the rear leg |
| patella | a large sesamoid bone on rear limb, called the knee cap ( stifle in dogs and cats ) |
| tibia | distal to the femur, a larger and more weight bearing bone then its mate fibula |
| Fibula | distal to the femur, a long slender bone |
| Tarsus | irregularly shaped bones, we call the ankles, hock in large animals |
| Talus | shorter medial tarsal bone, located in the proximal row |
| Calcaneus | long tarsal bones in the proximal row |
| Metatarsals | beyond the tarsus same as metacarpals in the front foot. |
| Aperture | small opening in bones |
| Canal | tunnel in bones |
| Condyle | rounded projections at the end of bones |
| Crest | high projections or boarder projections of bones |
| Crista | the ridge of the bone |
| Dens | toothlike structure in a bone |
| Eminence | Surface projection of a bone |
| Facet | smooth area of a bone |
| Fissure | deep cleft in a bone |
| foramen | a hole in a bone |
| Fossa | trench or hollow area of a bone |
| Fovea | small pit in a bone |
| Head | a major protrusion of a bone |
| Lamina | a thin flat plate of bone |
| Malleolus | rounded projections (distal end of tibia and fibula) |
| Meatus | passage of opening in a bone |
| Process | Projection of a bone |
| Protuberance | projecting part of a bone |
| Ramus | branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure |
| Sinus | space of cavity |
| Spine | sharp projection |
| Sulcus | groove in a bone |
| Suture | seam in a bone |
| Trochanter | broad, flat projection ( on femur ) |
| Tubercle | small round surface projection of a bone |
| Tuberosity | projecting part of a bone. |
| Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis |
| Athrography | injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination |
| Arthroscopy | visual examination of a joint using a fiber optic scope |
| Densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and xray |
| Goniometer | insturment that measures angles or range of motion in a joint |
| Radiology | the study of internal body structure after exposure to ionizing radiation, to detect disease or fractures |
| Anklyosis | loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury or surgery |
| Arthralgia | Joint pain |
| Arthritis | inflammatory condition of joints |
| Arthrodynia | joint pain |
| Arthropathy | joint disease |
| Bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| Chondromalacia | abnormal cartilage softening |
| Discospondylitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vetrabrae |
| Epiphysitis | inflammation of the growth plate |
| Excotosis | benign growth on the bone surface |
| Gouty arthritis | join inflammation associate with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint |
| Hip Dysplasia | abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly |
| Intervertebral disc disease/ herniated disc | rupture or protrusion of the disc separating the vertabra |
| Kyphosis | dorsal curvature of the spine, hunchback |
| Legg Calve-Perthes disease | idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs. |
| Lordosis | abnormally cured spinal column , sway back |
| Luxation | dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Myeloma | tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissue of the bone marrow |
| Ostealgia | bone pain |
| Osteitis | inflammation of the bone |
| Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease |
| Osteochondrosis | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or re calcification |
| Osteomalacia | abnormal softening of the bone |
| Osteomyeloritis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| Osteonecrosis | death of bone tissue |
| Osteoporosis | abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity |
| Periostitis | inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue and joints |
| Sequestrany | Piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached for the adjacent healthy bone |
| Spondylitis | Inflammation of the vertebrae |
| Spondylosis | any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae |
| Spondylosis deformans | chronic degeneration of the articular process and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae |
| Spur | bony projection growing out of a bone |
| Subluxation | partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints |
| Avulsion fracture | a broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pulling |
| Callus | bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone |
| Closed fracture | broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin, also known as a simple fracture |
| Comminuted fracture | a broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces |
| Compression fracture | broken bone is produced when the bones are pressed together |
| Crepitation fracture | cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bone is moved together, also known as Crepitus |
| Displaced fracture | bone fracture parts are out of line |
| Greenstick fracture | bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent, or Incomplete fracture |
| Immobilization | act of holding , suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast |
| Manipulation | attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or a dislocation |
| Oblique fracture | broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis |
| Open/Compound fracture | broken bone which there is open skin |
| Pathologic fracture | broken bone in an area of one weakened by disease |
| Malunion | when fracture does not heal properly |
| Nonunion | when fracture fails to heal |
| Valgus bones | bones that will bend out |
| Varus | bones that will bend in |
| Physeal fracture | bone that is broken a the growth plate or epiphyseal line |
| Spiral fractture | broken bone that is twisted apart of spiraled apart |
| Stress fracture | broken bone caused by repetitive local stress on a bone |
| Transverse fracture | broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis, or straight across the bone |
| Amputation | removal of some or all of a body part |
| Arthrodesis | fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means |
| -desis | to bind or surgically fix |
| Chemounclelysis | process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance |
| Craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| External fixation | alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts splint or external fixators -rods and pins |
| Osteotomy | cutting into bone |
| Osteocentesis | surgical puncture and tapping of a bone |
| Osteopexy | surgical fixation of a bone |
| Osteostomy | making a permanent new opening in a bone |
| Osteodesis | binding together of bones |
| Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a damaged bone |
| Ostectomy | removal of a bone |
| Internal fixation | alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the gone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws pins or plates |
| Laminectomy | surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a verebra |
| Onychectomy | removal of a claw |
| Muscles | made up of a group of long slender cells called muscle fiber and encased in in a fibrous sheath |
| Skeletal muscle | voluntary muscle- attaches bone to the body an make motion possible |
| Smooth muscle | produce slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs |
| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary contraction of heart muscle |
| Facia | sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscles |
| Aponeurosis | fibrous sheet that provide attachement to muscular fibers and is a mean of origin or insertion of a flat muscle. |
| Kenesiology | the study of movement |
| Antagonistic Muscle | muscles that work against or opposite each other, one will contract while the other relaxes |
| Synergist muscles | work together, contracting at the same time to support movement |
| Syn- | together |
| -erg- | work |
| Contraction- muscle meaning | tightening |
| Relaxation- muscle meaning | means lessening of tension |
| Neuromuscular- muscle meaning | the point at which nerve endings come in contact with the muscle cells |
| Tonus- muscle meaning | muscle tone, is balance muscle tension |
| Abductor -muscle function | muscle that moves a part away from the midline |
| Adductor -muscle function | a muscle that moves a part towards the midline |
| Flexor -muscle function | muscle that bends a limb at the joint or decreases the joint angle. |
| Extensor -muscle function | muscle that straightens a limb or increases the joint angle |
| Levator -muscle function | muscle that raises or elevates a part |
| Depressor -muscle function | muscle that lowers or depresses a part |
| Rotator- muscle function | muscle that turns a body part on its axis |
| Supinator -muscle placement | muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward |
| Pronator-muscle placement | muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward |
| Pectoral -muscle placement | located in the chest |
| Epaxial -muscle placement | located above the pelvic axis |
| Intercostal -muscle placement | located between the ribs |
| Infraspinatus -muscle placement | located beneath the spine of the scapula |
| Supraspinatus -muscle placement | located above spine of the scapula |
| Inferior -muscle placement | below or deep muscle |
| Medius -muscle placement | Middle muscle |
| Superior-muscle placement | above |
| Externus -muscle placement | outer muscle |
| Internus -muscle placement | inner muscle |
| Orbicularis muscle | muscles that surround another structure |
| Rectus muscle | means straight align with the vertical axis of the body |
| Oblique muscle | means slanted away from the midline |
| Transverse muscle | means crosswise to the midline |
| Sphincter muscle | means tight band and constrict the opening of a passageway |
| Deltiod -muscle shape | a triangular muscle |
| Quadratus -muscle shape | a 4 sided muscle, like in a thigh |
| Rhomboideus -muscle shape | diamond shaped muscle, like back muscles |
| Scalenus -muscle shape | unequally 3 sided |
| Serratus -muscle shape | saw toothed muscle |
| Teres -muscle shape | cylindrical muscles |
| Satorius -muscle shape | one muscle of the thigh that flexes and adducts the leg |
| Gemellus -muscle shape | twinned muscle |
| Gastrocnemius -muscle shape | resembles the shape of a stomach |
| Electromyography test | process of recording the electical activity of the muscle cell using electrodes stuck into the muscle. Or EMG |
| Electromyogram test | is the record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by an electrical stimulation |
| Adhesion --muscle condition | bands of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion |
| Ataxia -muscle condition | lack of voluntary control of movement, wobbliness |
| Atonic -muscle condition | lacking muscle tone |
| Atrophy -muscle condition | decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell |
| Dystrophy-muscle condition | defective growth |
| Faciitis -muscle condition | inflammation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and seperates muscle |
| Fibroma -muscle condition | tumor composed of fully delveopled connective tissue, also called a Fibroid |
| Hernia -muscle condition | protrusion of a body part through tissue that normally contain it. |
| laxity- muscle condition | looseness |
| Leiomyositis - muscle condition | inflammation of the smooth muscle |
| Myasthenia -muscle condition | muscle weakness |
| -asthenia | means weakness |
| Myoclonus- muscle condition | spasm of muscle |
| -clon/o | means violent action |
| Myoma- muscle condition | bengin tumor of muscle |
| Myopathy- muscle condition | abnormal condition or disease of muscle |
| Myotonia -muscle condition | delayed relaxation of a muscle after contraction |
| Rhabdoyoma -muscle condition | benign tumor of striated muscle |
| Tendinitis- muscle condition | inflammation of the band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| Tetany -muscle condition | muscle spasm or twitching |
| Myectomy-muscle condition | surgical removal of a muscle or part of a muscle |
| Myoplasty-muscle condition | surgical repair of a muscle |
| Myotomy-muscle condition | surgical incision into a muscle |
| Tenectomy- tendon condition | surgical removal of a tendon |
| Tenotomy- tendon condition | surgical division of a tendon |
| Barrel -on a horse | chest or trunk |
| Bars-on a horse | V shaped structure on distal surface of the hoof |
| Cannon bone- on a horse | 3rd metacarpal also called the shin bone |
| Cheek- on a horse | fleshy portion of either side of the face |
| Chest-on a horse | part of the body between the neck and abdomen, the thorax |
| Chestnuts-on a horse | honry irregular growths on the medial surface of the equine leg, in the front legs are above the knees, in the rear legs the are near the hock |
| Coffin Joint- on a horse | distal interphalangeal joint |
| Corners- on a horse | 3rd incisors in mouth |
| Coranary Band- on a horse | junction between the skin and the forn of the hoof, also called a Coronet |
| Crest - on a horse | the root of the mane |
| Croup-on a horse | muscular area around and above the tail base |
| Cutters-on a horse | second incisors in mouth |
| Dock-on a horse | solid part of the tail |
| Elbow-on a horse | forelimb joint formed by distal humerus, proximal raduis and proximal ulna |
| Ergot-on a horse | small keratinized mass of horn in a small bunch of hair on the palmer or plantar aspect of the fetlock |
| Fetlock -on a horse | area of the limb between the pastern and the cannon- by the hoof |
| Fetlock joint-on a horse | metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint- between the cannon bone and long pastern bone |
| Flank-on a horse | side of the body between the ribs and ilium |
| Forelock-on a horse | in maned animals, the most cranial part of the mane, haning down between the ears and onto the forhead |
| Frog-on a horse | V shaped pad of the soft horn between the bars on the sole of the hoof |
| Gaskin/ Crus- on a horse | muscular portion of the hindlimb between the stifle and hock, also called the Crus |
| Heart Girth-on a horse | cicumference of the chest, just caudal to the shoulders and cranial to the back |
| Heel- on a horse | caudal region of the hoof that has an area of soft tissue called the bulb |
| Hock or Tarsus-on a horse | tarsal joint also called the tarsus |
| Hoof-on a horse | hard covering of the digit and ungulates |
| Hoof Wall-on a horse | hard horny outer layer of the covereing on the digit in ungulates |
| Ungulates | any animal with hooves |
| Knee-on a horse | carpus ( front or proximal limb) |
| Loin- on a horse | lumbar region of the back between the thorax and pelvis |
| Mane-on a horse | region of long coarse hair at the dorsal border of the neck and tremination at the poll (top of head) |
| Muzzle-on a horse | 2 nostrals and the muscles of the upper and lower lip |
| Nippers-on a horse | central incisors (teeth) |
| Paralumbar Fossa | hollow areas of the flank whose boundaries are the transverse processes of the lumbar bertabrae and last rib and thigh |
| Pastern bone-on a horse | area of the limb between the fetlock and hoof |
| Pastern Joint-on a horse | proximal interphalangeal joint between the long and short pastern bones |
| Poll- in a horse | top of the head |
| Quarter- on a horse | lateral or medial side of the hoof |
| Shoulder-on a horse | region around the large joint between the humerus and the scapula |
| Sole-on a hores | palmar or plantar surface of the hoof |
| Stifle Joint-on a horse | femorotibial and femoropatellar joint in quadropeds ( 4 legs) |
| Tail-on a horse | caudal part of the vertabral column |
| Tail Head- on a horse | base of the tail where it connects to the body |
| Teat-on a horse | nipple of the mammary gland |
| Toe-on a horse | Cranial side of the hoof |
| Udder- on a horse | mammary glad |
| White line- on a horse | fusion between the wall and sole of the hoof |
| Whithers-on a horse | region over the dorsum where the neck joins the thorax and where the dorsal margins of the scapula lie just below the skin |
| Chin-on a dog/cat | protrusion of the mandible |
| Dewclaw-on dogs/cat | rudimentary first digit, does not reach the ground( where our thumbs would be) |
| Elbow-on dogs/cats | forelimb joint formed by distal humerous and proximal redius/ulna |
| Forearm-on dogs/cats | part of the foreleg supported by the radius and ulna, between the elbow and carpus |
| Forehead-on dogs/cats | region of the head between the eyes and ears |
| Pinna-on dogs and cats | projecting part of the ear, lying outside the head. the Auricle |
| Rump-on dog/cats | sacral to the tailhead region of the back, also called the Croup |
Created by:
Trisha Fravel
Popular Physical Science sets