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AP Psych
Chapter 10- Testing and Individual Differences
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Intelligence (psychology definition) | The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and se knowledge to adapt to new situations. |
| Debates over intelligence | 1)Does each of us have an inborn intelligence and can/should we classify it as a quantifiable number? 2) Is intelligence one general ability or several specific abilities. |
| Sir Francis Galton | Fascinated bu measuring mental abilities with physical characteristics such as head size. |
| Eugenics | Encouraging only the smartest and fittest to reproduce (Considered to be well-born white males) |
| Alfred Binet | Commissioned by the French government to determine children's abilities in school. |
| Mental age | Chronological are that corresponds to a given level of performance. |
| William Stern | Derived the term "Intelligence Quotient" |
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | (Mental Age/Chronological age)x100 |
| Lewis Terman | Adapted and created the "Stanford-Binet" Intelligence test which changed terminology and extended range from teenagers to adults. |
| Problems with the IQ formula | Not consistent or reliable. |
| Factor analysis | A statistical Procedure that identifies cluster of related items. |
| Charles Spearman | Created the concept of "g" (general intelligence). |
| "g" (general intelligence) | Underlies all four intelligence behavior. |
| Howard Gardner | Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in packages. |
| Savant | A condition where a person has a neuro-developmental disorder but is exceptional in one area. |
| Visual/ Spatial intelligence | Aware of the space around you (Artists) |
| Verbal/ Linguistic intelligence | Aware and good with words (Poets) |
| Logical/ Mathematical | Good with numbers and data (Scientists) |
| Bodily/ Kinesthetic | Good with bodily movement (Dancers) |
| Musical/ Rhythmic | Good with counting and sounds (Composer) |
| Interpersonal | Good interacting with people (Gandhi) |
| Intrapersonal | Good with self-reflection (psychiatrist) |
| Naturalist | Good with nature (Naturalist) |
| Robert Sternberg | Formulated the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. |
| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Composed of three parts: Analytical Intelligence, Practical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence. |
| Analytical Intelligence | Academic problem solving. |
| Practical Intelligence | Required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-define with multiple solutions |
| Creative Intelligence | Generating novel ideas. |
| Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
| Convergent Thinking | Demanding a single answer. |
| Divergent Thinking | Imagining multiple answers to a problem. |
| Standardization | The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and form a bell curve. |
| Bell curve | How the results are distributed. |
| Reliability | The extent which a test yields consistency results overtime. |
| Split-halves | Compare first half of test to second. |
| Alternate forms | Two different test types. |
| Test-retest | Take the test a second time |
| Validity | The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure |
| Achievement test | A test designed to assess what a person has learned |
| Content validity | Does the test do a good job of sampling the criterion it is supposed to? |
| Criterion | A principle or standard by which something may by judged or decided. |
| Aptitude test | A test designed to predict a person's future performance, the ability for that person to learn. |
| Predictive validity | Does the test do a good job of predicting the criterion it is supposed to do? |
| Head size and Intelligence correlation | Small correlation between head size and intelligence correlation. |
| Brain size and intelligence correlation | A +.44 correlation between brain size and intelligence scores |
| Neurological speed and Intelligence correlation | There is a large correlation between mental speed and intelligence. |
| The Flynn effect | IQ scores are going up about three points per decade. |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | Most widely used intelligence test. |
| Verbal Section (WAIS) | General knowledge, vocab, arithmetic, reasoning, ect. |
| Performance Section (WAIS) | Picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, ect. |
| Emotional Intelligence (EQ) | Originally called social intelligence; the ability to perceive,express, understand and regulate emotions; Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ. |
| Crystallized Intelligence | Knowledge accumulation that increases over time. |
| Fluid Intelligence | Speed of mental processing increases/decreases. |
| Down Syndrome | Intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra 21st chromosome in one's genetic make up. |
| Intellectual Disability | A condition of limited mental ability. |
| MENSA | Organization for only the top 2% of intelligence. |
| Self-fulling prophecy | You form and act on certain expectations which become true. |
| Schooling effect | Intelligence scores drop over the summer when students are not in school. |
| Genetic influences of intelligence | The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores. |
| Racial group differences in intelligence | Diminishing over time because they are becoming less bias. |
| Stereotype threat | A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
| Gender differences in intelligence | Girls are approaching boys in all areas. |
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