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AP Psych
Chapter 10- Testing and Individual Differences
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Intelligence (psychology definition) | The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and se knowledge to adapt to new situations. |
Debates over intelligence | 1)Does each of us have an inborn intelligence and can/should we classify it as a quantifiable number? 2) Is intelligence one general ability or several specific abilities. |
Sir Francis Galton | Fascinated bu measuring mental abilities with physical characteristics such as head size. |
Eugenics | Encouraging only the smartest and fittest to reproduce (Considered to be well-born white males) |
Alfred Binet | Commissioned by the French government to determine children's abilities in school. |
Mental age | Chronological are that corresponds to a given level of performance. |
William Stern | Derived the term "Intelligence Quotient" |
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | (Mental Age/Chronological age)x100 |
Lewis Terman | Adapted and created the "Stanford-Binet" Intelligence test which changed terminology and extended range from teenagers to adults. |
Problems with the IQ formula | Not consistent or reliable. |
Factor analysis | A statistical Procedure that identifies cluster of related items. |
Charles Spearman | Created the concept of "g" (general intelligence). |
"g" (general intelligence) | Underlies all four intelligence behavior. |
Howard Gardner | Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in packages. |
Savant | A condition where a person has a neuro-developmental disorder but is exceptional in one area. |
Visual/ Spatial intelligence | Aware of the space around you (Artists) |
Verbal/ Linguistic intelligence | Aware and good with words (Poets) |
Logical/ Mathematical | Good with numbers and data (Scientists) |
Bodily/ Kinesthetic | Good with bodily movement (Dancers) |
Musical/ Rhythmic | Good with counting and sounds (Composer) |
Interpersonal | Good interacting with people (Gandhi) |
Intrapersonal | Good with self-reflection (psychiatrist) |
Naturalist | Good with nature (Naturalist) |
Robert Sternberg | Formulated the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. |
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Composed of three parts: Analytical Intelligence, Practical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence. |
Analytical Intelligence | Academic problem solving. |
Practical Intelligence | Required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-define with multiple solutions |
Creative Intelligence | Generating novel ideas. |
Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |
Convergent Thinking | Demanding a single answer. |
Divergent Thinking | Imagining multiple answers to a problem. |
Standardization | The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and form a bell curve. |
Bell curve | How the results are distributed. |
Reliability | The extent which a test yields consistency results overtime. |
Split-halves | Compare first half of test to second. |
Alternate forms | Two different test types. |
Test-retest | Take the test a second time |
Validity | The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure |
Achievement test | A test designed to assess what a person has learned |
Content validity | Does the test do a good job of sampling the criterion it is supposed to? |
Criterion | A principle or standard by which something may by judged or decided. |
Aptitude test | A test designed to predict a person's future performance, the ability for that person to learn. |
Predictive validity | Does the test do a good job of predicting the criterion it is supposed to do? |
Head size and Intelligence correlation | Small correlation between head size and intelligence correlation. |
Brain size and intelligence correlation | A +.44 correlation between brain size and intelligence scores |
Neurological speed and Intelligence correlation | There is a large correlation between mental speed and intelligence. |
The Flynn effect | IQ scores are going up about three points per decade. |
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | Most widely used intelligence test. |
Verbal Section (WAIS) | General knowledge, vocab, arithmetic, reasoning, ect. |
Performance Section (WAIS) | Picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, ect. |
Emotional Intelligence (EQ) | Originally called social intelligence; the ability to perceive,express, understand and regulate emotions; Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ. |
Crystallized Intelligence | Knowledge accumulation that increases over time. |
Fluid Intelligence | Speed of mental processing increases/decreases. |
Down Syndrome | Intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra 21st chromosome in one's genetic make up. |
Intellectual Disability | A condition of limited mental ability. |
MENSA | Organization for only the top 2% of intelligence. |
Self-fulling prophecy | You form and act on certain expectations which become true. |
Schooling effect | Intelligence scores drop over the summer when students are not in school. |
Genetic influences of intelligence | The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores. |
Racial group differences in intelligence | Diminishing over time because they are becoming less bias. |
Stereotype threat | A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
Gender differences in intelligence | Girls are approaching boys in all areas. |