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AP Psych

Chapter 1- Research Methods

TermDefinition
Survey A technique for ascertaining the self-reportedattitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative , random sample of them.
Case study An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Naturalistic observation Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Correlation study How two factors affect each other.
Positive correlation A relationship between two variables where if one variable increases or decreases the other increases or decreases at the same interval.
Negative correlation A relationship between two variables in which if one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Experiment Investigator uses one or two independent and observes them on things like behavior or mental processes.
Theory An explanation using an iterated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.
Hypothesis A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Independent Variable The experimental factor the is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Dependent Variable The experimental factor (in psychology, the behavior or mental process) that is being measured; The variable that may change in response to the independent variable.
Experimental group The group of the study that receives the treatment.
Control group The group of the study that does not receive the treatment.
Confounding variables Other variable that could possibly affect the experiment (We want to minimize these).
Experimental ethics Set of ethical principles that must be followed for an experiment to take place.
Animals in experimentation It is ok to harm animals if the result will benefit humans.
Population The entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample.
Sample A subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment.
Random sample Kind of represents a population; theoretically each member could be included.
Random assignment To reduce differences between participants, the participants are randomly assigned to experimental/control groups.
Hawthorne Effect Individuals make modifications to themselves in response to their awareness to being observed.
Placebo A pill, medicine, or procedure that is harmless and the effects of it are only psychological.
Placebo effect A change in behavior in the absence of an experimental manipulation
Self-fulfilling prophecy A prediction made about some future behavior or event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected.
Single-blind study Participants don't know if they are in the control or experimental group.
Double-blind study The research participants and the research staff are both unaware as to who is the experimental and control groups.
Operational definitions A definition of a variable or condition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence.
Reliability The degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instrument.
Statistical significance How likely it will be to obtain something by chance.
Descriptive statistics Used to summarize and describe data during research.
Mean Average of the data set.
Mode Most often reoccurring data point in a set.
Median Data point when data set is arrange in numerical order.
Normal distribution How traits are distributed within a population.
Positively skewed distribution Tail on the right side is longer or fatter than the left side.
Negatively skewed distribution Long tail on negative side.
Range Difference between greatest and least data points
Standard deviation How scores vary to the mean score.
Inferential statistics Makes generalization from a sample to a population.
Created by: 007lwm
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