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Ch. 1 terms
Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sign | measureable or objective manifestations |
| symptoms | feelings that the patient describes- subjective manifestations |
| iatrogenic | disease caused by physician or treatment |
| nosocomial | incidences of infections being developed at the acute care facility |
| community-aquired | infected by exposure in the public domain |
| idiopathic | having an unknown cause for underlying disease |
| ischemia | interference of blood supply to an organ; deprives cells & tissues of oxygen & nutrients |
| infarct | localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage |
| hemmorrhage | implies rupture of a blood vessel |
| hematoma | accumulation of blood trapped within body tissues |
| atrophy | reduction in the size of cells in an organ or tissue, w/ a corresponding decrease in function |
| hypertrophy | increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function |
| hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ |
| dysplasia | loss of uniformity of individual cells & their architectural orientation |
| epidemiology | study of determinants of disease events in given populations |
| morbidity | rate that an illness or abnormality occurs |
| mortality | reflects the number of deaths by disease per population |
| antigens | foreign substance that evokes an immune response |
| antibodies | immunoglobulins responding to the antigens to make them harmless |
| immune | protected against antigens; antibodies binding w/ antigens to make them harmless |
| active immunity | forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid |
| vaccine | contact w/ dead or deactivated microorganisms to form antibodies |
| toxoid | treated toxin w/ antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies |
| standard precautions | protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to a person |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) | gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, & eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agent |
| transmission-based precautions | additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet, or airborne transmission |
| passive immunity | refers to the administration of a dose of performed antibodies from the immune system of an animal, usually a horse |
| grading | assessment of aggressiveness or degree or malignancy |
| staging | refers to the extensiveness of a tumor at its primary site & the presence or absence of metatases to lymph nodes & distant organs, such as the liver, lungs, & skeleton |
| neoplasia (new growth) | abnormal proliferation of cells that are no longer controlled by the factors that govern the growth of normal cells -Neoplastic cells act as parasites, competing w/ normal cells & tissues for their metabolic needs -Neoplasm AKA tumors |
| oncology | study of neoplasms (tumors) |
| benign | growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure & function |
| malignant | neoplastic growth that invades & destroys adjacent structures & spread to distant sites (metastasize), causing death |
| carcinoma | malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin |
| metastasize | malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites |
| anaplastic | undifferentiated cell growth- w/out form *(bizarre) |
| sarcoma | highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue (bone, muscle, & cartilage) - Spreads more rapidly |
| inflammation | initial response of the tissue to local injury |
| permeable membrane | allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another or location |
| granulation tissue | fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue |
| pyogenic bacteria | thick, yellow fluid called pus (dead white cells) |
| abcess | localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid |
| bacteremia | potential involvement of other organs & tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels |
| edema | accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue or body cavities |
| anasarca | generalized edema that occurs w/ pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body |
| elephantiasis | localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema |
| mutation | alteration in the DNA structures that may become permanent hereditary change |
| autosomal dominant | disorders are transmitted from one generation to the next - not everyone who has the gene will demonstrate the trait -Variable expressivity- refers to the fact that a dominant gene may manifest somewhat differently in different individuals |
| autosomal recessive | result only when a person is homozygous for the defective gene -Doesn't usually affect the parents |
| dominant gene | always produces an effect |
| recessive gene | manifests when a person is homozygous for the trait |
| Pathology | study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems |
| Disease | the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions |
| Phagocytosis | a process where white blood cells cross the capillary walls into the injured tissues, where they engulf enzymatically disgest infesting organisms & cellular debris |
| Scar tissue formation | consists of fibrous connective tissue, which can be divided into primary union (surgical incision) & secondary union (nonsurgical; gunshot wound) |
| Pyogenic | production of thick, yellow fluid called pus, which contains white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, & bacteria |
| Supperative inflammation | associated w/ pus formation |
| Bacteremia | potential involvement of other organs & tissues in the body (too much pus) |
| Granulomatous inflammation | manifests as a distinct pattern seen in relatively few diseases, including tuberculosis, syphilis, & sarcoidosis |
| Granuloma | localized area of chronic inflammation, often w/ central necrosis |
| Petechiae | minimal hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces |
| Purpura | slightly larger hemorrhage |
| Ecchymosis | a larger (greater than 1 or 2 cm) subcutaneous hematoma, or bruise |
| Examples of hyperplasia | 1) proliferation of granulation tissue in the repair of injury 2) increased cellularity of bone marrow in patients w/ hemolytic anemia or after hemorrhage |
| Cachexia | tumor cells may flourish & the patient becomes weak & emaciated |
| Cancers | Latin word for "crab" |
| All tumors, both benign & malignant, have 2 basic components | 1) the parenchyma (organ tissue), made up of proliferation neoplastic cells 2) the supporting stroma (supporting tissue), made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, & possibly lymphatic vessels |
| Fibromas | benign tumors of fibrous tissues |
| Chondromas | benign cartilaginous tumors |
| Adenoma | applied to benign epithelial neoplams that grow in gland-like patterns |
| Cystadenomas | benign tumors that form large cystic masses |
| Lipomas | consist of soft fatty tissue |
| Myomas | tumors of muscle |
| Angiomas | tumors composed of blood vessels |
| Papilloma or polyp | an epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass on the skin or from an inner mucous membrane |
| Adenocarcinoma | malignancies of glandular tissues, such as the breast, liver, & pancreas, & the cells lining the GI tract |
| Squamous cell carinoma | denotes a cancer in which the tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium, as in the lung, head, & neck regions |
| Pnumocystis jirovecii | immunocompromised patients w/ malignancy are especially susceptible to unusual opportunistic infections |
| Malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites by one of 3 pathways | 1) seeding within body cavities 2) lymphatic spread 3) hematogenous spread |
| Seeding (diffuse spread) | when neoplams invade a natural body caivty |
| Lymphatic spread | major metastatic route of carcinomas, especially those of the lung & breast |
| Hematogenous spread | tumor cells invade & penetrate blood vessels, traveling as neoplastic emboli in the circulation |
| Most common hereditary abnormality | enzyme deficiency |
| Autosomes | 44 of the chromosomes |
| Reduced penetrance | means that not everyone who has the gene will demonstrate the trait |
| variable penetrance | refers to the fact that a dominant gene may manifest somewhere differently in different individuals |
| Anaphylactic reactions | characterized by hypotension, & vascular collapse (shock) w/ urticaria (hives), bronchiolar spasm, & laryngeal edema |
| Cytotoxic reaction | either the antigen is a component of a cell or it attaches to the wall of red blood cells |
| Delayed reaction | an individual previously sensitized to an antigen |
Created by:
hicksm0155
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