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Motivation/Emotion
Barrons Chapter Outline
Question | Answer |
---|---|
feelings and ideas that cause us to act toward a goal | motivation |
Darwin suggested that through evolution humans developed habits related to biological and psychological factors | instincts |
behavior is motivated by our biological needs | drive reduction theory |
a requirement for survival | need |
an impulse to act in a way that satifies a need or what | drive |
balanced internal state | homeostasis |
biological drives such as thirst | primary drives |
learned drives such as working for money | secondary drives |
we seek certain amounts of excitement that is unique to each person | arousal theory |
high levels of arousal assist with easy tasks, but when applied to other tasks the effectiveness may not be as benefitial | Yerkes-Dodson law |
addiction theory | opponent-process theory |
the natural state, one that many want to return to from behaviors such as smoking | baseline |
behaviors can be based on desires | incentive theory |
stimuli we are drawn to due to learning | incentitives |
theorized that not all needs are equal | Abraham Maslow |
system that proposes the order of needs | heirarchy of needs |
list the Heirarchy of Needs | 1.Physciological 2. Safety 3. Love 4. Esteem 5. Self-Actualization |
the need to fulfill our unique potential as a person | self actualization |
part of the brain that controls body chemistry | hypothalamus |
when stimulated this causes the animal to eat | lateral |
when stimulated this causes the animal to stop eating | ventromedial |
the hypothalamus decides and controls desired body weight | set-point theory |
triggers hungry by attractiveness or availability of food | external |
triggers hunger mainly through internal cues | internals |
occurs when nasea is paired with either food or drink | Garcia Effect |
eats large amounts of food and then uses purging to rid the body of the unwanted calories | Bulimia |
starvation is used to prevent the body from gaining weight | Anorexia |
individuals who are severely overweight | Obesity |
developed the sexual response cycle | William Masters and Virginia Johnson |
sexual response cycle | 1. initial excitement 2. plateau phase 3. orgasm 4. resolution phase |
environmental influences probably affect this | sexual orientation |
3 - 10 % of the world | is homosexual |
our desire to master complex tasks and knowledge to reach personal goals | achievement motivation |
indicates the general level of arousal a person is motivated to seek | optimum arousal |
rewards we receive for accomplishments from outside ourselves | extrinsic motivation |
rewats we receive for accomplishments internally | intrinsic motivation |
theory combining "theories X and Y" | management theory |
theory that workers will work better with rewards and punishments; extrinsic motivation | theory X |
theory that workers will do good work because they are personally motivated to do well; intrinsic | theory Y |
when someone must choose between two desirable outcomes | approach-approach conflict |
when someone must choose between two unattractive outcomes | avoidance-avoidance conflict |
when one goal has both attractive and unattractive features | approach-avoidance conflict |
a situation in which you must decided between many choices that all have desirable and undesirable features | multiple approach-avoidance conflict |
theorized that emotions are felt because of biological and physciological changes caused by stree | James-Lange |
biological change and cognitive awareness of the emotional state are simultaneous | Cannon-Bard |
thalamus is responsible for both the biological and emotional awareness thalamus receives info and sends it out to the cortex and autonomic nervous system amygdala is also involved | Cannon proposed |
Two Factor theory | Stanley Schachter physical responses and cognition combine in order to cause an emotional response |
already aroused people | tend to have more emotionally intense reactions then those who are not |
measures stress using LCU | Holmes and Rache: SRRS (social readjustment rating scale) |
LCU | life changing units |
describes the general response humans have to stressful events | GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) Hans Seyle |
GAS | 1. alarm reaction 2. resistance 3. exhaustion |
pressure is intensified as the organism prepares to challenge through activation of the sympathetic nervous system | alarm reaction |
body remains physiologically ready | resistance |
parasympathetic nervous system returns our body to normal | exhaustion |
control over events tends to lessen stress, while less control heightens it | perceived control |