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Psych 111 Exam 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Emotion? | A reaction to a stimulus; A complex pattern of changes in Physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes and behavioral reactions, made in response to a personally significant situation. |
| Emotion involves what 3 developments? | Subjective experience, physiological change, & expression |
| What is the Theory of Body Reaction? | Stimulus > body response > subjective experience; |
| Support for Theory of Body Reaction? | Facial Feedback hypothesis - Smiling makes you happy, frowning makes you sad |
| Is the Theory of Body Reaction credited? | Largely NOT credited. Many emotional responses have identical bodily responses. Ex: happy tears/sad tears |
| What is the Theory of Central Neural Processes? | Stimulus > Subjective Experience AND Body Response (arousal & expression) |
| What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion? | A peripheral-feedback theory; You feel emotion AFTER your body reacts. You feel angry because you strike, not strike because of anger. |
| What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion? | An emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions - arousal and experience of emotion. They do NOT cause each other; the physiological changes nor mind dictates the way the other responds |
| What is the Cognitive Appraisal Theories of Emotion? | Emotional experience comes from physiological and cognitive appraisal. Physiological arousal occurs first, then you appraise it in effort to differentiate what you're feeling. |
| What is Emotion regulation? | The process which people control the intensity and duration of their emotions. |
| What is Subjective well-being? | An Individuals' overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness. |
| What is Positive Psychology? | The psychological study to provide people with the knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives. |
| What is Psychopathological Functioning? | Disruptions in emotional, behavioral or cognitive processes leading to personal distress, or block the ability to achieve important goals. |
| What is Abnormal Psychology? | The area of psychological studies more concerned with understanding the nature of individual pathological of the mind, mood and behavior. |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - DISTRESS | Does the behavior upset the individual? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - DYSFUNCTION | Does the behavior impede personal or societal goals? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - IRRATIONALITY | Is the behavior incomprehensible? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - UNPREDICTABILITY | Is the behavior unforeseeable? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - UNUSUALNESS | Is the behavior rare & undesirable? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - VIOLATION OF STANDARDS | Does the behavior break social norms? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - OBSERVER DISCOMFORT | Does the behavior upset other people? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" - DANGER | Does the behavior put the individual or others at risk? |
| The eight (8) criteria you might use to label behavior as "abnormal" -- DUDUVOID | Distress, Unpredictability, Dysfunction, Unusualness, Violation of Standards, Observer Discomfort, Irrationality, Danger. |
| What are the 5 purposes of Emotion? | 1. Motivate us to approach; 2. Focus of attention; 3. Facilitate memory; 4. Promote social bonding; 5. Communicate our intentions and needs. |
| What is the Evolution of Emotion? | Our capacity for emotions arisen via natural selection because of their adaptive value. |
| Is the Theory of Cognitive Appraisal supported? | Largely supported; The labeling (and mislabeling) of emotion is very common. |
| Is the Theory of Central Neural Processes supported? | Largely discredited; the physical and psychological elements usually connect. |
| Support for the Theory of Central Neural Processes? | Emotional experience can arise independently from any body response. Ex. Paralysis patients can feel emotion without physiological change awareness. |
| What is the Fight or Flight response? | A sequence of internal activities triggered when an organism is faced with a threat; prepares the body for combat or for running away to safety. (recent evidence suggests characteristic only of males) |
| What is a Psychological Diagnosis? | A label given to a psychological abnormality be classifying and categorizing the observed behavior pattern into an approved diagnostic system: DSM-5-TR |
| What is the DSM-5-TR? | "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (of Mental Disorders)." The current diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychological Association that classifies, defines and describes mental disorders. |
| What is comorbidity? | The experience of more than one disorder at the same time. |
| What are mental disorders? | A cluster of symptoms (syndrome) present in an individual involving clinically significant disturbances in behavior, emotion or cognitive functioning. |
| Does the DSM-5-TR provide diagnoses and treatment? | NO; Manual only diagnoses, psychologist must provide treatment action. |
| Advantages of DSM-5? (2) | 1. Creates a common naming system; 2. Ensures diagnostic accuracy. |
| Disadvantages of DSM-5? (2) | 1. Diagnoses carry stigmas (shame); 2. Labeling influences other people's perception (treated differently) |
| What did the Rosenhan's Study show? | Rosenhan and 7 other sane people were admitted with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Once admitted, behaved normally, but their behavior was labeled out of context. Demonstrated it may be impossible to be judged "sane" in an "insane place." |
| What is a Neurotic Disorder? | No signs of brain abnormalities, no grossly irrational thinking, and do not violate social norms; does experience subjective distress and/or inadequate coping strategies. (No longer in DSM-5) |
| What is Psychotic Disorder? | Severe mental disorder, experiencing impairments in reality manifested through thought, emotional or perceptual difficulties. (Not longer in DSM-5) |
| What is Insanity? | The legal (NOT clinical) designation for the state of an individual judged to be legally irresponsible or incompetent. |
| What is Etiology? | The causes or factors related to the development of a disorder. |
| What are the two general categories of mental disorder factors? | Biological and Psychological |
| What are the biological factors of mental disorders? (2) | 1. Abnormal brain structure; 2. Neurotransmitter imbalance; (linked with genetics, injury or infections) |
| What are the Psychological Causes of mental disorders? (4) | 1. Learning (conditioning/modeling); 2. Cognitive (using maladaptive thinking); 3. Humanist (trying to please others); 4. Sociocultural (being affected by societal conditioning) |
| What are anxiety disorders and what is the stress response (physiological)? | Disorders in which people experience a maladapive stress response. Physiological: Increased heart rate, respiration and perspiration; decreased salivation and digestion. |
| Anxiety Disorder: A specific Phobia | Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation. |
| Anxiety Disorder: Generalized Anxiety Disorder | Persistent worry about a range of events and/or activities. |
| Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder | Recurrent and unexpected, panic attacks and fear of future panic attacks. |
| Definition: Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders | Recurrent obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior. Obsession produces anxiety>Compulsions reduce anxiety. |
| A Trauma related disorder > Post traumatic stress disorder: | Intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood and reaccounting. |
| Depressive Disorders > Major Depressive Disorder: | Intense feelings of despair and/or worthlessness over an extended period of time (2 weeks min.) --lowered mood, lack of interest, reduced energy |
| Bipolar and Related Disorders > Bipolar 1 Disorder | Isolated manic episodes or manic episodes that alternate with periods of depression. |
| What is Mania? | Elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased slef-esteem, flights of ideas. |
| Definition: Personality Disorders | Long standing, maladaptive patterns of thinking, perceiving and behaving. |
| What is Agoraphobia? | And extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. |
| What is social phobia? | The persistent and irrational fear in anticipation of a public situation in which an individual can be observed by others. |
| Definition: Somatoform Disorders | A disorder in which people have a physical illness or complaint that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions. |
| Definition: Hypochondriasis | When individuals are preoccupied with having or getting physical ailments despite reassurances that they are healthy. |
| Definition: Somatization disorder | A disorder characterized by unexplained physical complaints in several categories over many years. |
| Definition: Conversion disorder | A loss of motor or sensory function that cannot be explained by damage to the nervous system or other physical damage. |
| Definition: Dissociative disorder | A disturbance in the integration of identity, memory or consciousness. |
| Define: Paranoid | Suspicion and mistrust (learned) |
| Define: Dramatic Personality disorder - Histrionic | Extremely emotional with excessive attention seeking. (fear of abandonment, insecure attachment) |
| Define: Personality Disorder | A long standing inflexible maladaptive pattern of perceiving, thinking, and behaving that seriously impairs an individual's ability to function in social or other settings. |
| Define: Stigma | A mark or band of disgrace; a set of negative attitudes about a person that places them apart as unacceptable. |
| Define: Schizoid | Lack of desire to have social relationships; lack of emotionality in social situations |
| Define: Schizotypal | Cognitive or perceptual distortions as well as discomforts in social relation relationships |
| Define : Dissociative Amnesia | The inability to remember important experiences, caused by psychological factors in the absence of any organic dysfunction. |
| Define: Dissociative fugue | A disorder characterized by a flight from home or work accompanied by a loss of ability to recall the personal part. |
| Define: Dissociative Identity Disorder: | When two or more distinct personalities exist within the same individual. Formally known as multiple personalities. |
| Define: Avoidant disorder | Avoid interpersonal contact because of risk of rejection; fear criticism and feel inadequate in social situations. |
| What is social psychology? | The scientific study of how thoughts, feelings and behaviors of people are influences by other people. |
| What is attribution? | The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events. |
| What is the Co-variation Model? | A theory outlining HOW people make attributions. |
| What are the three attributions of responsibility determined by the co-variation theory? | 1. Consistency - does the behavior always happen in this situation? 2. Distinctiveness - Does the behavior only happen in this situation? 3. Consensus - Does everyone behave the same in this situation? |
| Define: Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors and underestimate the influence of external factors -- Blaming the person and not the situation. |
| Attitudes: | Positive or negative evaluations of people, things, ideas or issues. |
| Evaluations of Attitudes based on 3 things: | Affect (feelings aroused), Behavior (actions elicited), Cognitions (thoughts evoked) |
| Cognitive Dissonance: | When your behavior doesn't match your beliefs, causing discomfort. |
| Social Cognition: | The process by which people select, interpret and remember social information. |
| Social Psychology: | the branch of psychology that studies the effect of social variables on individual behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives; also studies intergroup phenomena |
| Self-serving Bias: | Leads people to take credit for the successes while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures. |
| Social Roles: | The expected duties of behavior of a person in a particular guise. |
| Social Rules: | A behavioral guideline for acting in a certain way in a certain situation. |
| social norms: | The expectation a group has for its members regarding acceptable and appropriate attitudes and behaviors. |
| Persuasion: | The deliberate effort to change someone's attitude via the transmission of a message or communication. |
| Conformity: | The tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and values of other members of a reference group. |
| Informational Influence: | Group effects that come from one's desire to be right and understand how best to act in a given situation |
| Normative influence: | Group effects that come from one's desire to be liked, accepted and approved of by others. |
| Norm crystallization: | The convergence of the expectations of a group of individuals into a common perspective as they talk and carry out activities together. |
| Group polarization: | The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the decisions that would be made by individuals alone. |
| groupthink | The tendency of a decision-making group to filter out undesirable input so a consensus may be reached. |
| Attitude | The learned, relatively stable tendency to respond to people, concepts and events in an evaluative way. |
| Self-perception theory | The idea that people observe themselves to figure out the reasons they act as they do. "I wear a lot of cotton, I must like cotton." |
| Compliance | A change in behavior in response to a request - not in position of authority. |
| Obedience | A change in behavior in response to a command - from a position of authority. |
| Foot-in-door approach | Leading someone to do a large task in small steps. |
| Door-in-face approach | Big request (expectation of refusal), leading to smaller. (reciprocity) |
| Emphasizing scarcity | Telling someone they can't get it. (reverse psychology) |
| Influencing factors of obedience (4): | 1. Socialization (lean to obey authority); 2. Induction Technique (foot-in-door); 3. Proximity of Authority (closer, more obedient); 4. Legitimacy of Authority(rent-a-cop or state patrol) |
| Prejudice: | An unjustifiable attitude about a group of people suggesting they are inferior. |
| Friendship: | A relationship of mutual affection - concern for another's well being. |
| Friendship influences (5): | 1. Proximity; 2. Beauty; 3. Similarity; 4. Friendliness; 5. Love |
| Two types of love: | Passionate: Intense longing for union (ensures reproduction); Companionate Love: The affection for those deeply intertwined in our lives (ensures child survival) |
| Aggression: | Any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure an object, another person or oneself. *must have intent to harm |
| Types of Aggression (3): | 1. Hostile (impulsive) - loss of temper; 2. Instrumental - Planned, in order to gain; 3. Mixed - loss of temper leading to planned. |
| Implicit prejudice: | Prejudice that exists outside an individual's conscious awareness. |
| Contact hypothesis: | The prediction that contact between groups will reduce prejudice only if the contact includes cooperation towards shared goals. |
| Instrumental aggression: | Premeditated thought to achieve specific aims |
| Impulsive aggression: | Loss of temper |
| Frustration aggression hypothesis: | When people are prevented or blocked from attaining their goals. |
| Reciprocal altruism: | The idea that people perform altruistic behaviors because they'll expect that others will perform altruistic behaviors for them in return. |
| Bystander intervention: | Willingness to assist a person in need of help. |
| Diffusion of responsibility: | In emergency situations, the larger number of bystanders, the less responsibility any one of the bystanders feels to help. |
| Reaction time of Emotion - Bottom Up Route | Fast and unconscious. |
| Reaction time of Emotion - Top Down Route | Slow and meditated. Calculating danger and risks. |
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