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Unit 4
Sensation and Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute Threshhold | The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory signal is detected half the time. |
| Accommodation | The process by which ciliary muscles change the thickness of the lens of the eye to permit variable focusing on objects. |
| Auditory Nerve | The nerve that caries impulses from the cochlea to the cochlea nucleus in the brain. |
| Basilar Membrane | A membrane in the cochlea that stimulates hair cells that produce the neural effects of auditory stimulation. |
| Bipolar Cell | Nerve cells in the visual system that combines impulses from many receptors and transmits the results to ganglion cells. |
| Cochlea | The primary organ of hearing; a fluid filled coiled tube located in the inner ear. |
| Cones | Photoreceptors concentrated in the center of the retina that are responsible for visual experiences in color. |
| Retina | The layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors and converts light. |
| Rods | Photoreceptors concentrated in the periphery of the retina that are most active in dim illuminations; rods do not produce the sensation of color. |
| Gate-Control Theory | A theory about pain modulation: Cells in the spinal cord act as gates to interrupt and block some pain signals while sending others to the brain. |
| Fovea | The area of the retina that contains densley packed cones and forms the point of sharpest vision. |
| Ganglion Cells | Cells in the visual system that intergrates impulses from many bipolar cells in a single firing. |
| Optic Nerve | The axons of the ganglion cells that carry information from eye toward the brain. |
| Hue | The dimension of color space that captures the qualitative experience of the color of a light. |
| Saturation | The dimension of color space that captures the purity and vividness of color sensations. |
| Trichromatic Theory | The theory that there are three types of color receptors that produce the primary color sensations of red, green and blue. |
| Opponent-Process Theory | The theory that all color experiences arises from three systems, each of which includes two "opponent" elements (red versus green, blue verses yellow, and black vs white). |
| Pitch | Sound quality of highness or lowness; primarily dependent on the frequency of the sound wave. |
| Loudness | A perceptual dimension of sound influenced by the amplitutde of a sound wave. Sound waves with large amplitutdes are generally experienced as loud and those with small amplitudes as soft. |
| Timbre | The dimension of auditory sensation that reflects the complexity of a sound wave. |
| Kinesthetic Sense | Sense concerend with bodily position and movement of the body parts relative to each other. |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense that tells how one's own body is oriented in the world with respect to gravity. |
| Cutaneous Senses | The skin sense that register sensations of pressure, warmth, and cold. |
| Perceptual Organization | The processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of a coherent scene over the whole visual field. |
| Perception | The process that organizes information in the sensory image and interprets it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world. |
| Illusion | An experience of a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect but shared by others in the same perceptual environment. |
| Gestalt Psychology | A school of psychology that maintains that psychological phenomena can be understood when reviewed as organized structured wholes- not when broken down into primitive perceptual elements. |
| Law of Proximity | A law of grouping that states that the most similar elements are grouped together. |
| Phi Phenomenon | The simplest form of apparent motion, the movement illusion in which one or more flashing stationary lights are perceived as a single moving light. |
| Retinal Disparity | The displacement between the horizontal positions of corresponding images in the two eyes. |
| Convergence | The degree to which the eyes turn inward to fixate on an object. |
| Perceptual Constancy | The ablity to retain an unchanging precept of an object, despite variations in the retinal image. |
| Size Constancy | The ability to perceive the true size of an object, despite variations in the size of the retinal image. |
| Bottom-up Processing | Perceptual analyses based on the sensory data available in the environment; results of the analyses are passed upward toward more abstract representations. |
| Top-Down Processing | Perceptual processes in which information from an individuals past experience, knowledge, expectations motivations, and background influence perceptions. |
| Set | A temporary readiness to perceive or react to a stimulus in a particular way. |
| Closure | A perceptual organizing process that leads individuals to see incomplete figures as complete. |
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Mr.Knock
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