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Wiles--Atoms
Wiles--Modules 16/20 Review--Atomic Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What scientist named the smallest piece of matter an atom? | Democritus |
| What does the Greek word "atomos" mean? | indivisible or not able to be cut |
| How many quarks make up a proton? | Three |
| What is the definition of matter? | Anything that has mass and volume |
| What are the building blocks of matter? | atoms |
| What is the simplest pure substance called? | element |
| Whose atomic model has been called the "chocolate chip cookie dough" model? | J.J. Thomson |
| True or false. Dalton said atoms of the same element are exactly alike. | true |
| True or false. Daltion stated that compounds are formed by the physical joining of atoms of two or more elements. | false......compounds are formed by the chemical joining of atoms of two or more elements through a chemical reaction |
| What scientist discovered and named the nucleus of the atom? | Rutherford |
| What is the modern atomic model called? | the electron cloud model |
| What scientist stated that electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets circling the sun? | Bohr |
| What is the overall charge of an atom? | neutral |
| What are the three main subatomic particles? | proton, neutron, and electron |
| What is the mass of each subatomic particle? | proton and neutron each have a mass of 1 amu and electrons have a mass of 1/1836 amu |
| What is the charge of each subatomic particle? | protons are positive, electrons are negative, and neutrons are neutral |
| What is the dense "core" of an atom called? | nucleus |
| What two types of subatomic particles occur in the nucleus? | protons and neutrons |
| How many electrons can the first three energy levels hold? | the first level can hold 2 electrons, the second level can hold 8 electrons, and the third level can hold 18 electrons |
| What word refers only to the outermost electrons? | valence |
| How many electrons would a cesium atom contain? | 55 |
| How many protons would a boron atom contain? | 5 |
| How many neutrons would a potassium atom contain? | 20 |
| By definition, what does the atomic number indicate? | the number of protons in an atom |
| Why are atoms neutral overall? | there are an equal number of positively and negatively charged particles |
| What does amu stand for? | atomic mass unit |
| What is the definition of an isotope? | atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons |
| What is the atomic mass of chlorine? | 35.453 amu |
| What is the mass number of molybdenum? | 96 amu |
| How many of each subatomic particle would C-14 possess? | 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 8 neutrons |
| Why is the atomic mass usually not a whole number? | It is the average mass of all of the known isotopes of that element. |
| Where are electrons found with very little energy? | close to the nucleus |
| What determines the chemical properties of an element? | the electron arrangement (number of valence electrons) |
| ____ comprise all of the subatomic particles within the nucleus. | Quarks |
| How many quarks make up a neutron? | 3 |
| What are the four types of forces within the atom? | electromagnetic, gravity, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear |
| Of the four forces within the atom, which is the weakest? | gravity |
| Of the four forces within the atom, which is responsible for radioactive beta decay? | weak nuclear force |
| Of the four forces within the atom, which is responsible for keeping the negative electrons attracted to the positive nucleus? | electromagnetic (electric) force |
| Of the four forces within the atom, which is responsible for "glueing" the protons (and neutrons) together to form the nucleus? | strong nuclear force |
| What is the metric prefix for 1000? | kilo- |
| What is the metric prefix for 1/100? | centi- |
| What is the symbol for radon? | Rn |
| How many valence electrons does a lithium atom have? | 1 |
| What is the electron configuration of sulfur? | 1st shell has 2 electrons; 2nd shell has 8 electrons; and 3rd shell has 6 electrons |
| What are the three types of nuclear decay (radiation)? | alpha, beta, and gamma |
| What happens to the atomic number and atomic mass during alpha decay? | the atomic number goes down by 2 and the atomic mass goes down by 4 |
| What happens to the atomic number and atomic mass during gamma decay? | they stay the same |
| What happens to the atomic number and atomic mass during beta decay? | the atomic number goes up by 1 and the atomic mass stays the same |
| What is the amount of time for one-half of a radioactive substance to decay? | half-life |
| After 2 half-lifes of a radioactive substance, what fraction of the original substance remains? | one-fourth |
| Give 4 negative side effects of a human receiving too much radiation? | hair loss, reddening of the skin, mutation of DNA, drop in white blood cell count, nausea, and fatigue |
| True or false. We are constantly exposed to low-level radiation from natural sources such as cosmic rays and radioactivity in rocks and soil. | true |
| Are these two elements isotopes or different elements? Element A: atomic number of 18 and atomic mass of 40. Element B: atomic number of 17 and atomic mass of 35. | different elements |
| True or false. Half-lives vary greatly from isotope to isotope. | true |
| After 3 half-lives, what percent of the original substance remains? | 12.5% |
| What is the symbol for mercury? | Hg |
| How many of each subatomic particle does Pb-210 contain? | 82 electrons; 82 protons; and 128 neutrons |
| What type of evidence have we had to rely on about atoms to help us create models of them? | indirect evidence....think about our shoebox atom in which you tried to discover what I hid inside....you could not directly see what was inside. Rather, you had to rely on the sound it produced when shook, if it was magnetic, etc. |
| Thomson discovered what subatomic particle? | Electron |
| How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom? | Round the atomic mass (called the mass number) and then subtract the atomic number |
| The mass number of an element is the number of ___ plus the number of ___. | protons and neutrons |
| True or false. Most of the mass of an atom is found in the electron cloud. | false; most of the mass of the atom is found in the nucleus |
| The atomic mass of Einsteinium is a whole number. Why is this so? | There are no known isotopes of Einsteinium. |
| Radiation can cause a change in the DNA of an organism. What word means "to change the DNA" of an organism? | mutate or mutation |
| What is a shorthand way of writing an element called? | Symbol |
| From what language do some of the odd symbols such as Fe originate? | Latin |
| What is the rounded atomic mass or weight called? | Mass Number |
| What isotope of carbon is used to carbon date fossils and bones? | Carbon-14 or C-14 |
| How many of each subatomic particle are found in an atom of N-15? | 7 protons, 7 electrons, and 8 neutrons |
| Are large nuclei or small nuclei in atoms held more tightly together? | small nuclei are held more tightly together and large nuclei are held less tightly together. That is why large nuclei are more likely to be radioactive. |
| Give four sources of background radiation. | radon, rocks and soil, cosmic rays, X-rays |
| What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission? | In nuclear fusion, two nuclei combine to produce large amounts of energy whereas nuclear fission is where a nucleus is split |
| What scientist disputed Democritus's atomic theory and proposed that matter is uniform throughout and is not composed of smaller particles? | Aristotle |
| What piece of equipment was used by scientists to break protons apart after forcing them to collide with other fast-moving particles? | particle accelerator |
| Which scientist proved that Democritus was correct and that atoms do indeed exist? | Dalton |
| What is the process of one radioactive element changing into another element called? | transmutation |
| When B-10 is bombarded with neutrons, it absorbs an neutron and then emits an alpha particle. Identify the isotope that is formed in this process. | Lithium-7 |
| Which of the four forces within an atom, is responsible for the protons wanting to repel other protons in the nucleus? | electromagnetic (electric) force |
| What is the most common location in the universe that the temperature is high enough for nuclear fusion to happen naturally? | stars such as the Sun |
| When a radioisotope is put into the human body, is absorbed by various organs, and then a scan reveals where is was absorbed, what is the radioisotope referred to as? | tracer |
| Which release the most energy: nuclear fusion or nuclear fission? | nuclear fusion |
| Of the four forces within an atom, arrange them from shortest to longest distance over which the force acts. | strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravity |
| What piece of equipment produces a clicking sound as it detects and measures radiation? | Geiger counter |
| In alpha decay, the number and types of particles emitted from the nucleus resemble a nucleus of what isotope? | He-4 |
| What is a beta particle? | An electron that is emitted from the nucleus that originates as a neutron breaks apart into a proton and an electron. (The proton remains in the nucleus) |
| What type of subatomic particles are released during gamma decay? | None.....only energy is released |
| What is the name of the nuclear power plant that is located in Burlington, KS, only 75 miles from us? | Wolf Creek Power Plant |
| Which scientist stated that different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds? | Dalton |
| The element nickel has five naturally occurring isotopes. Which of the following describes the relationship of these isotopes? a. same mass, same atomic number b. different mass, different atomic number c. different mass, same atomic number | c. different mass, same atomic number |
| Which of the following describes an isotope's half-life? a. a constant time period b. a varied time period c. an increasing time period d. a decreasing time period | a. a constant time interval |
| How many half-lives have elapsed when the amount of a radioactive isotope in a sample is reduced to 3.125% of the original amount in the sample? | 5 half-lives |
| A nucleus with many protons is held _____ tightly than a nucleus with fewer protons. | less |
| Which type of nuclear radiation (decay) is the most penetrating? | gamma rays |
| Does nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions release more energy? | nuclear fusion |
| What is a series of repeated fission reactions caused by the release of additional neutrons in every fission? | chain reaction |
| Was the nuclear bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima during WWII powered by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion? | nuclear fission |
| Who first explained the theory of relativity? | Albert Einstein |
| How does the theory of relativity clarify the Law of Conservation of Mass during nuclear fission and fusion reactions? | It states that a small amount of mass can be converted to a tremendous amount of energy. |
Created by:
lburris
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