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SALT
SALT 9th Science Chp 6-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| physical properties | properties that can be observed or measured without changing a substance into a different substance |
| chemical properties | describe how a substance unites with other substances to form new substances. |
| compound | a substance composed of different types of atoms linked together chemically |
| element | a substance composed of only one type of atom |
| mixtures | substances composed of several elements or compounds that are physically mixed by not chemically united |
| molecule | a group of two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds |
| solution | a type of mixture in which molecules of two substances are completely mixed |
| solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance |
| colloid | a type of mixture consisting of tiny clumps or particles suspended in another substance |
| Tyndall effect | involves the scattering of light to the side by a colloid, having a somewhat milky effect |
| molecular formula | chemical formula giving the number of each type of atom in a molecule |
| structural formula | chemical formula giving the general arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
| empirical formula | chemical formula giving only the simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule; can stand for several different compounds |
| know how to name compounds (p. 141 Application) | ex. dinitrogen tetroxide - a molecule consisting of two atoms of nitrogen and four atoms of oxygen |
| covalent bond | a type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms |
| ionic bond | a type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| polar | a covalent bond in which one atom has a stronger attraction for the shared electrons than does the other atom |
| nonpolar | a covalent bond in which both atoms have the same strength of electrical attraction for the shared electrons. |
| formula unit | the simplest ratio of cations to anions in an ionic crystal |
| dipolar force | the intermolecular force that affects all polar molecules |
| hydrogen bond | the strongest of all intermolecular forces; responsible for the cohesion of water and ice |
| London forces | a weak intermolecular force that exists between all molecules; caused by a temporary imbalance in electron distribution |
| boiling point | the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure above the liquid |
| melting point | temperature at which melting occurs |
| vapor pressure | the tendency of molecules to evaporate or escape from the surface of a liquid at a given temperature, due to random molecular motion |
| molecular mass | the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) of all the atoms in a molecule |
| chemical reation | a chemical change resulting from a collision between atoms or molecules |
| reactants | original substances that undergo a chemical reaction |
| products | the new substances produced by the reaction |
| exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that releases heat energy |
| endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy and stores it in the chemical bonds of the products |
| entropy | the amount of decay or disorder in a system |
| second law of thermodynamics | law that states that heat and other natural processes in a system always tend toward less usable energy and greater disorder |
| Four factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction | Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts |
| single-displacement reaction | (called substitution reaction) represented A + BC → AC + B |
| double-displacement reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented AC+BD→ AD+BC |
| decomposition reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented AB→ A+B |
| combination reaction | type of chemical reaction that can be represented A+B→AB |
| acid | pH less than 7 |
| base | pH greater than 7 |
| neutral | pH is 7 |
| acids | ionic compounds that have a sour taste, cause litmus to turn red, and can dissolve many metals; release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water |
| bases | ionic compounds that have a bitter taste and slippery feel, cause litmus to turn blue, and can corrode many metals; release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water |
| electrolysis | the process of passing an electric current through a solution in order to cause a chemical reaction |
| voltaic cell | a device that produces electricity by means of a chemical reaction |
| Know how to balance an equation (p. 158) | |
| carbon | organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing this element; more chemical compounds are formed with this element than with all other elements combined |
| organic compounds | compounds containing carbon, such a hydrocarbons, soaps, and polymers |
| isomers | two carbon compounds that have the same number and type of atoms, but different structural formulas |
| alkane | hydrocarbon molecule having only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| alkene | type of hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
| alkyne | a hydrocarbon molecule that has at least one triple bond between carbon atoms |
| haloalkanes | group of substituted hydrocarbons that contain a halogen such as fluorine or iodine |
| carboxylic acids | group of substituted hydrocarbons that are weak acids; typically have pungent odors |
| alcohols | group of substituted hydrocarbons that contain the -OH (hydroxyl) group |
| polymers | huge organic molecules composed of many smaller molecules linked together |
| salts | a general term referring to any ionic compound composed of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion |
| soaps | an organic compound consisting of long, narrow molecules having a polar end and a nonpolar end, capable of dissolving nonpolar substances such as oil and grease in polar substances such as water |
| know how to name hydrocarbons (p. 173) | ex. pentene – has 5 carbon atoms and at least one double bond |
| A living cell contains only four primary types of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| carbohydrates | the most important energy-producing compounds in a living cell; starch is an example |
| sugars | simple carbohydrates containing up to a dozen carbon atoms |
| lipids | fats and oils are examples |
| unsaturated fats | the most healthful type of fat in your diet |
| saturated fats | such as animal fat, usually solid at room temperature |
| proteins ¬ | used to build and maintain living cells |
| amino acids | organic molecules that function as the “building blocks” of proteins |
| enzyme | a special globular protein used to initiate or regulate a chemical reaction within a cell |
| nucleic acids | compounds in the cell that contain the plans or “blueprints” of proteins in the cell |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| gene | a segment of DNA containing the code for a specific substance, task, or characteristic |
| mutation | a random change in the DNA code, which occurs whena segment of DNA is copied incorrectly |
| cellular respiration | the process of “burning” glucose within the cell to produce energy |
Created by:
kbtarheelgirl
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