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RDAI
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Operational definition | A definition of a variable in terms of the operations (activities) a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it. Ex. Hunger; not having eaten for 12 hours. |
| Identity | A property of measurement in which objects that are different receive different scores. E had different political affiliations, they would receive different scores. |
| Magnitude | A property of measurement in which the ordering of numbers reflects the ordering of the variable; numbers are assigned in order so that some numbers represent more or less of the variable being measured than others. |
| Equal unit size | A property of measurement in which a difference of 1 is the same amount throughout the entire scale |
| Absolute zero | A property of measurement in which assigning a score of zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured. |
| Nominal scale | A scale in which objects or individuals are assigned to categories that have no numerical properties. . Ex. Ethnicity, religion, sex. Properties- Identity. Math-none. |
| Ordinal scale | A scale in which objects or individuals are categorized, and the categories form a rank order along a continuum. Ex. Class rank, letter grades. Properties-Identity, magnitude. Math-Rank order. |
| Interval scale | A scale in which the units of measurement (intervals) between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size. Ex. Temperature, psych tests. Properties-Identity, magnitude, equal unit size. Math-Add, subtract, multiply, divide. |
| Ratio scale | A scale in which, in addition to order and equal units of measurement, an absolute zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured. Ex. Weight, height, time. Properties-Identity, magnitude, equal unit size, absolute zero. Math- Add, subtract, mul |
| Discrete variables | Variables that usually consist of whole number units or categories and are made up of chunks or units that are detached and distinct from one another. Clue: no fractional. Most nominal and ordinal, some interval and ratio. |
| Continuous variables | Variables that usually fall along a continuum and allow for fractional amounts. Clue: fractional. Most interval and ratio. |
| Self-report measures | Usually questionnaires or interviews that measure how people report that they act, think, or feel. Considerations: subjects being truthful? Accuracy of subject’s memory. |
| Test | A measurement instrument used to assess individual differences in various content areas. Ex. Ability tests, personality tests. Considerations: Subjects being truthful? Tests reliable and valid? |
| Behavioral measures | Measures taken by carefully observing and recording behavior. Ex. Counting behaviors, classifying behaviors. Considerations: Reactivity? Objective observers? |
| Reactivity | A possible reaction by participants in which they act unnaturally because they know they are being observed. |
| Physical measures | Measures of bodily activity(such as pulse or blood pressure) that may be taken with a piece of equipment. Considerations: Individual taking measure skilled? Instruments reliable and valid? |
| Reliability | An indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument |
| Correlation coefficient | A measure of the degree of relationship between two sets of scores. It can vary between – 1.00 and +1.00. Strength: +/-.70 – 1.00 Strong, +/-.30 - .69 Moderate, +/-.01 - .29 Weak, .00 None. |
| Positive correlation | A direct relationship between two variables in which an increase in one is related to an increase in the other, and a decrease in one is related to a decrease in the other. |
| Negative correlation | An inverse relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other and vice versa. |
| Test/retest reliability | A reliability coefficient determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occasions [to the same people]. Measures: stability over time. |
| Alternate-forms reliability | A reliability coefficient determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests [administered to sample at two different times]. Measures: stability over time, equivalency of items |
| Split-half reliability | A reliability coefficient determined by correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure [for a group of people]. Measures: equivalency of items. |
| Interrater reliability | A reliability coefficient that assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges. Measures: agreement between raters. |
| Validity | A measure of the truthfulness of a measuring instrument. It indicates whether the instrument measures what it claims to measure. |
| Content validity | The extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured. How? Expert assessment. |
| Face validity | The extent to which a measuring instrument appears valid on its surface. |
| Criterion validity | The extent to which a measuring instrument accurately predicts behavior or ability in a given area. |
| Criterion validity/Concurrent | The ability of the test to estimate performance. How? Correlate performance on the test with a concurrent behavior. |
| Criterion validity/Predictive | The ability of the test to predict future performance. How? Correlate performance on the test with a behavior in the future. |
| Construct validity | The degree to which a measuring instrument accurately measures a theoretical construct or trait that it is designed to measure. How? Correlate the performance on the test with performance on an established test or with people who have different levels of |
| A property of measurement in which a difference of 1 is the same amount throughout the entire scale is | equal unit size |
| Discrete variables are to __ and continuous variables are to __ | whole units and usually nominal and ordinal scales; whole units and/or fractional amounts and usually interval and ratio scales. |
| Political affiliation is to the __ property of measurement and length measured in inches is to the __ property of measurement. | identity;absolute zero |
| When applying for a part-time job at the local supermarket Bob was given a test ... next week Bob took the SAT ... The test at the supermarket was a measure of __ validity whereas the SAT was a measure of __ validity. | concurrent;predictive |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true? | Face validity is a measure of the truthfulness of a measuring instrument. |
| An observed score is comprised of the | true score + measurement error (method error + trait error). |
| Correlation coefficients can vary between | -1.00 and +1.00 |
| Which of the following is NOT a type of self-report measure? | physical self-report measure |
| A scale of measurement in which objects or individuals are categorized and the categories form a rank order along a continuum is a(n) __ scale | ordinal |
| Which of the following is not a type of validity? | split-half validity |
| Sara decided to have participants in her study of the relationship between diet and weight keep a journal of everything they ate each day. The type of measurement that Sara is employing is known as a(n) __ | behavioral self-report measure |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the strongest degree of relationship? | -1.00 |
| __ reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occasions. | Test/retest |
| If observers disagree 20 times out of 80, then the interrater reliability is __ | .75 |
| A blood pressure reading is to a __ measure as observing how many patrons in a fast food restaurant take advantage of free drink refills is to a __ measure. | physical;behavioral |
| __ reliability assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges. | Interrater |
| A definition of a variable in terms of the activities a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it is a(n) | operational definition |
| Class rank is to the __ scale of measurement and weight is to the __ scale of measurement. | ordinal;ratio |
| __ is an indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument | Reliability |
| __ reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests | Alternate-forms |
| Stability over time is to __ reliability and equivalency of items is to __ reliability. | test/retest;split-half |
| Which of the following is not a type of reliability? | criterion reliability |
| If observers agree 40 times out of 60, then the interrater reliability is __ | .67 |
| __ validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument appears valid on its surface | Face |
| A scale of measurement in which, in addition to order and equal units of measurement, there is an absolute zero that indicates an absence of the variable being measured is a(n) __ scale. | ratio |
| Arranging a group of individuals from tallest to shortest represents the __ property of measurement. | magnitude |
| Which of the following represents data arranged on an interval-ratio scale? | reaction time in seconds to complete a task |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the highest (best) reliability score? | +.69 |
| __ validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument covers a representative sample of the domain of behaviors to be measured. | Content |
| Which of the following is TRUE? | Behavioral self-report measures ask people to report how often they do something. |
| Which of the following represents the best operational definition of hunger? | not having eaten for 18 hours |
| Number on a football jersey is to the __ scale of measurement and temperature measured on the Fahrenheit scale is to the __ scale of measurement. | nominal;interval |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the weakest degree of relationship? | +.10 |
| Institutional Review Board(IRB)- | A committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human subjects are used. |
| informed consent form- | A form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate. |
| Deception- | Lying to the subjects concerning the true nature of a study because knowing the true nature of the study might affect their performance. |
| Debriefing- | Providing information about the true purpose of a study as soon after the completion of data collection as possible. |
| When Milgram informed the participants in his study that it was on learning and memory, rather than obedience, he utilized: | deception. |
| _____ risk research is defined as research involving no more risk than that encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests. | Minimal |
| When children are used as research participants: | informed consent must be obtained from the parents or legal guardians. |
| To ensure ethical standards, research proposals are typically reviewed by: | an institutional review board. |
| If confidentiality is compromised, then human participants: | are considered at risk. |
| The APA guidelines address several issues with respect to animal welfare. These include all of the following EXCEPT: | the animals may be acquired from any source. |
| Providing information about the true purpose of a study as soon after the completion of data collection as possible is referred to as: | debriefing. |
| An _____ helps to determine whether participants are _____ or _____. | IRB; at risk; at minimal risk |
| A committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human participants are used is a(n): | Institutional Review Board. |
| _____refers to explaining the purpose of a study to participants after completion of data collection, and _____ refers to not telling the participants the truth about the purpose of the study. | Debriefing; deception |
| The Tuskegee syphilis study is the most glaring example of failure to: | obtain informed consent. |
| If a researcher told participants that her study was about visual perception rather than what it is really on, conformity, she would be utilizing: | deception |
| __ refers to explaining the purpose of a study to participants after completion of data collection. | Debriefing |
| A form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate is an __ | informed consent form. |
| ecological validity- | The extent to which research can be generalized to real-life situations. |
| undisguised observation- | Studies in which the participants are aware that the researcher is observing their behavior. |
| nonparticipant observation - | Studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved. |
| participant observation- | Studies in which the researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved. |
| disguised observation- | Studies in which the participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior. |
| expectancy effects – | The influence of the researcher ’ s expectations on the outcome of the study. |
| narrative records- | Full narrative descriptions of a participant ’ s behavior. |
| Checklist- | A tally sheet on which the researcher records attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviors were observed. |
| static item- | A type of item used on a checklist on which attributes that will not change are recorded. |
| action item- | A type of item used on a checklist to note the presence or absence of behaviors. |
| qualitative research- | A type of social research based on field observations that is analyzed without statistics |
| archival method – | A descriptive research method that involves describing data that existed before the time of the study. |
| Interview- | A method that typically involves asking questions in a face-to-face manner, and it may be conducted anywhere. |
| focus group – | A method that involves interviewing six to ten individuals at the same time. |
| field studies- | A method that involves observing everyday activities as they happen in a natural setting. |
| action research- | A method in which research is conducted by a group of people to identify a problem, attempt to resolve it, and then assess how successful their efforts were. |
| open-ended questions- | Questions for which participants formulate their own responses. |
| closed-ended questions- | Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives. |
| partially open-ended questions - | Closed-ended questions with an open-ended “ Other ” option. |
| rating scale- | A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response. |
| Likert rating scale- | A type of numerical rating scale developed by Renis Likert in1932. |
| loaded question- | A question that includes non neutral or emotionally laden terms. |
| leading question - | question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner. |
| double-barreled question- | A question that asks more than one thing. |
| response bias - | The tendency to consistently give the same answer to almost all of the items on a survey. |
| demographic questions- | Questions that ask for basic information, such as age, gender, ethnicity, or income. |
| mail survey- | A written survey that is self-administered. |
| sampling bias- | A tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a sample. |
| interviewer bias – | The tendency for the person asking the questions to bias the participants ’ answers. |
| telephone survey- | A survey in which the questions are read to participants over the telephone. |
| socially desirable response- | A response that is given because a respondent believes it is deemed appropriate by society. |
| personal interview- | A survey in which the questions are asked face-to-face. |
| representative sample – | A sample that is like the population. |
| probability sampling- | A sampling technique in which each member of the population has a known probability of being selected to be part of the sample. |
| random selection – | A method of generating a random sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample. |
| stratified random sampling- | A sampling technique designed to ensure that subgroups or strata are fairly represented. |
| cluster sampling- | A sampling technique in which clusters of participants that represent the population are used. |
| nonprobability sampling | A sampling technique in which the individual members of the population do not have an equal or known likelihood of being selected to be a member of the sample |
| convenience sampling- | A sampling technique in which participants are obtained wherever they can be found and typically wherever is convenient for the researcher. |
| quota sampling- | A sampling technique that involves ensuring that the sample is like the population on certain characteristics but uses convenience sampling to obtain the participants. |
| The influence of the researcher’s expectations on the outcome of the study refers to __ | expectancy effects |
| __ is/are a lesser concern when using __ observation because the observations are made in an __ manner. | Reactivity;disguised;unobtrusive |
| Which of the following is FALSE? | Laboratory observation increases the ecological validity of a study. |
| The __ method involves describing data that existed before the time of the study. | archival |
| order to generate a __ sample, Pam selected every 10th name off of the registrar’s alphabetical list of all students at her university. All of the students at the university represent the __ and Pam used the __ sampling technique. | representative;population;random |
| __ sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has a known likelihood of being selected to be part of the sample. | Probability |
| Studies in which the researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize __ observation. | participant |
| Mail surveys are to __ as personal interviews are to __ | poor response rate;interviewer bias |
| __ is/are more of a concern when using __ observation. | Reactivity;undisguised |
| Researchers often prefer __ observation because it increases __ validity. | naturalistic;ecological |
| Studies in which the participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior utilize __ observation. | disguised |
| Rich is conducting a survey of student opinion of the dining hall at his university. Rich decided to conduct his survey using students enrolled in introductory psychology classes. The type of sampling technique that Rich is using is __. | cluster sampling |
| Studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize __ observation. | nonparticipant |
| A multiple-choice question is to a(n) __ question and a short answer question is to a(n) __ question. | closed-ended;open-ended |
| Questions that ask for basic information such as age, gender, ethnicity, or income are called __ questions and should be placed at the __ of a survey. | demographic;end |
| A subjective means of collecting data is to __ as a more objective means of collecting data is to __ | narrative records;checklists |
| Which of the following is FALSE? | A closed-ended question is a question for which participants formulate their own responses. |
| Per the text, Jean Piaget began his study of cognitive development by conducting __ of his own three children. | case studies |
| The extent to which research can be generalized to real-life situations is known as __ | ecological validity |
| Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives are __ questions. | close-ended |
| A tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a study is known as __ | sampling bias. |
| The tendency to consistently give the same answer to almost all of the items on a survey is known as __ | response bias. |
| A tally sheet on which attributes that will not change are recorded is to __ as a tally sheet used to note the presence or absence of behaviors is to __ items. | static;action |
| Doug is conducting a study of gender differences... When collecting the data, he notes all cases that fit his hypothesis but tends to “miss” most cases that do not fit his hypothesis. Doug’s data collection behavior illustrates the pitfall of __. | expectancy effects |
| Mail surveys have the concern of low return rate but have the advantage of __ | eliminating interviewer bias |
| Rich is conducting a survey of student opinion of the dining hall at his university. In order to make sure that students from each major are adequately represented he should use the __ sampling technique. | stratified random |
| __ sampling is a sampling technique that involves ensuring that the sample is like the population on certain characteristics but uses convenience sampling to obtain the participants. | Quota |
| Studies in which the researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize __ observation. | participant |
| Lack of flexibility is to __ observation as lack of control is to __ observation. | laboratory;naturalistic |
| A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response is a __ | Likert scale and a rating scale. |
| The extent to which research can be generalized to real-life situations is known as __ | ecological validity |
| A tally sheet on which the researcher records attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviors were observed is a(n) __. | checklist |
| __ is/are a lesser concern when using __ observation because the observations are made in an __ manner. | Reactivity;disguised;unobtrusive |
| frequency distribution- | A table in which all of the scores are listed along with the frequency with which each occurs. |
| class interval frequency distribution- | A table in which the scores are grouped into intervals and listed along with the frequency of scores in each interval. |
| qualitative variable- | A categorical variable for which each value represents a discrete category. |
| bar graph- | A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars are centered above each category along the x -axis and are separated from each other by a space, indicating that the levels of the variable represent distinct, unrelated categor |
| quantitative variable- | A variable for which the scores represent a change in quantity. |
| histogram - | A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars centered above scores on the x -axis touch each other to indicate that the scores on the variable represent related, increasing values. |
| frequency polygon- | A line graph of the frequencies of individual scores |
| descriptive statistics- | Numerical measures that describe a distribution by providing information on the central tendency of the distribution, the width of the distribution, and the shape of the distribution. |
| measure of central tendency - | A number that characterizes the “ middleness ” of an entire distribution. |
| Mean- | A measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average of a distribution. |
| Median- | A measure of central tendency; the middle score in a distribution after the scores have been arranged from highest to lowest or lowest to highest. |
| Mode- | A measure of central tendency; the score in a distribution that occurs with the greatest frequency. |
| measure of variation- | A number that indicates the degree to which scores are either clustered or spread out in a distribution. |
| Range- | A measure of variation; the difference between the lowest and the highest scores in a distribution. |
| standard deviation- | A measure of variation; the average difference between the scores in the distribution and the mean or central point of the distribution, or, more precisely, the square root of the average squared deviation from the mean. |
| average deviation – | An alternative measure of variation that, like the standard deviation, indicates the average difference between the scores in a distribution and the mean of the distribution. |
| Variance- | The standard deviation squared. |
| normal curve- | A symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency polygon representing a normal distribution. |
| normal distribution- | A theoretical frequency distribution that has certain special characteristics. |
| Kurtosis- | How flat or peaked a normal distribution is. |
| Mesokurtic- | Normal curves that have peaks of medium height and distributions that are moderate in breadth. |
| leptokurtic - | Normal curves that are tall and thin, with only a few scores in the middle of the distribution having a high frequency. |
| platykurtic - | Normal curves that are short and more dispersed (broader). |
| positively skewed - | distribution A distribution in which the peak is to the left of the center point, and the tail extends toward the right, or in the positive direction. |
| negatively skewed distribution- | A distribution in which the peak is to the right of the center point, and the tail extends toward the left, or in the negative direction. |
| z -score (standard score)- | A number that indicates how many standard deviation units a raw score is from the mean of a distribution. |
| standard normal distribution- | A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. |
| Probability- | The expected relative frequency of a particular outcome. |
| percentile rank- | A score that indicates the percentage of people who scored at or below a given raw score. |
| Karen’s first psychology exam score is -1 standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution. The test has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. Karen’s percentile rank would be __. | 16% |
| Mode is to __ and median is to __ | all types of data;ordinal, interval, and ratio data only |
| Arithmetic average is to __ as score occurring with the greatest frequency is to __ | mean;mode |
| Faculty in the psychology department at State University consume an average of 5 cups of coffee per day with a standard deviation of 1.5. The distribution is normal. What is the percentile rank for an individual who consumed 8 cups of coffee per day? | 97.72 |
| Seven students reported the following individual earnings from their sale of wrapping paper: $7, $13, $3, $5, $2, $9, and $3. In this distribution of individual earnings, the mean is __ the mode and __ the median. | greater than;greater than |
| Sue ... test in both ... biology test ... mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 7 whereas the math test had a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 10. Sue scored a 76 on the biology test and a 76 on the math test. On which test did she do better ... | the biology test |
| Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the range as a measure of variation? | It is limited because only two of the scores in the distribution are used to derive it and it is easily distorted by an unusually high or low score in a distribution. |
| A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars are centered above each category along the x-axis and are separated from each other by a space, is a __ | bar graph |
| A number that characterizes the “middleness” of an entire distribution is a __ | measure of central tendency |
| Imagine that distribution A contains the following scores: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Imagine that distribution B contains the following scores: 1, 3, 5, 8, 10. Distribution A has a __ standard deviation and a __ average deviation in comparison to distribution B. | smaller;smaller |
| A table in which the scores are grouped into intervals and listed along with the frequency of scores in each interval is a __ | class interval frequency distribution |
| If Joe scored 25 on a test with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 5 what is his z-score? | +1.00 |
| __ is to organizing data using a table as is __ to organizing data using a figure. | Frequency distribution;histogram |
| Time is to the_________ scale of measurement as ethnicity is to the___________ scale of measurement. | Ratio; nominal |
| Which of the following is NOT a type of measure? | An operational definition |
| ________ reliability is determined by correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure. | Split-half |
| A property of measurement in which objects that are different receive different scores is __. | identity |
| An inverse relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other, and vice versa is a __. | negative correlation |
| A direct relationship between two variables in which an increase in one is related to an increase in the other, and a decrease in one is related to a decrease in the other is a __. | positive correlation |
| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the highest (best) reliability score? | -.89 |
| A property of measurement in which assigning a score of zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured is __. | absolute zero |
| Which of the following statements is TRUE? | Test/retest reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test, administered on two different occasions. |
| A scale of measurement in which the units of measurement between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size is an _______ scale. | Interval |
| Truthfulness is to _____ as consistency is to _________. | Validity; reliability |
| ___________ observation affords ________ control, but increases the chance of _________. | Laboratory; more; reactivity. |
| Consider the following survey question: “Do you consider a microwave to be fast and convenient?” This is an example of a ________ question. | Double-barreled. |
| Studies in which the participants are aware ... behavior utilize ________ observation and studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved utilize ______ observation. | Undisguised; Nonparticipant |
| _______ reliability should be established when using the data collection method of _______. | Interrater; Narrative records |
| Jill collects data on the participants in her study by writing down a full narrative description of everything they do. Jill is using a __. | narrative record |
| A question including non-neutral or emotionally laden terms is to a ______ question as a question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner is to a _____ question. | Loaded; leading |
| Which of the following is not a type of qualitative research? | Survey research |
| Marnie keeps answering the questions on the survey she is taking as she thinks most others in society would answer them, rather than with her true responses. Marnie’s answers illustrate __. | socially desirable responses. |
| Faculty in the psychology department at State University consume an average of 5 cups of coffee per day with a standard deviation of 1.5. The distribution is normal. How many cups of coffee would an individual at the 25th percentile drink per day? | 4 |
| The arithmetic average of a distribution is the: __. | mean. |
| The middle score in a distribution after the scores have been arranged from highest to lowest or lowest to highest is the __. | median |
| The calculation of the average deviation differs from the calculation of the standard deviation in that when calculating the average deviation the difference scores are __. | converted to absolute values |
| Faculty in the psychology department at State University consume an average of 5 cups of coffee per day with a standard deviation of 1.5. The distribution is normal. What proportion of faculty consumes an amount between 4 and 6 cups? | .4972 |
| In a psychology class of 100 students, test scores are normally distributed with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 5. Approximately what percentage of students have scores between 70 and 90? | 95% |
| A variable for which the scores represent a change in quantity is a ______ variable. | Quantitative |
| Approximately what percentage of scores are between z=1 and z=2? | 13.5 |
| Imagine that 86,999 people who are penniless live in Centerville. Bill Gates, whose net worth is $87, 000, 000, 000 moves to Centerville. Now the mean net worth in this town is _____ and the median net worth is ______. | $1,000,000; 0 |
| A z-score is most affected by the __ | standard deviation. |
| Rich’s first psychology exam score is +1 standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution. The test has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 6. Rich’s percentile rank would be approximately | 84%. |
| A line graph of the frequencies of individual scores is a _________. | Frequency polygon |
| Which of the following is FALSE? | The standard deviation is the least sophisticated measure of variation and the lease frequently used. |
| Qualitative variable is to quantitative variable as ______ is to _______. | Categorical variable; numerical variable |
| A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars centered above scores on the x-axis touch each other is a _______. | Histogram |
| When Ms. Jones calculated her students’ accounting test scores, she noticed that one student had an extremely low score. Which measure of central tendency should not be used in this situation? | Mean |
| A distribution can have more than one ______ but can have only one ______. | Mode; median or mean |
| During the past year, Cindy and Bobby each read 2 books, but Greg read 25, Jan read 12, and Marcia read 9. The median number of books read by these individuals was __. | 9 |
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