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Cognition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Declarative Memory | knowledge of events, facts and concepts (knowing what). explicit memory |
| Nondeclarative memory | skills and related procedural knowledge (knowing how). implicit memory |
| Types of LTM | declarative & nondeclarative |
| Implicit memory | unconscious, non intentional memory. Ex. motor skills, priming, classical conditioning |
| Explicit memory | conscious memory; intentional recall of previous experiences. |
| Types of Explicit memory | episodic & semantic |
| Episodic memory | autobiographical memory, includes specific temporal and spatial features. |
| Semantic memory | knowledge about the world. it is independent of the time and place that it was acquired |
| Prospective memory | mental time travel |
| mental time travel | capacity for recollecting past & envisioning future through reconstructive retrieval processes. |
| Encoding & storing events | Maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, depth of processing, transfer appropriate processing, distinctiveness, & relational processing |
| Maintenance rehearsal | recycling information within STM by verbalizing it |
| Elaborative rehearsal | linking information in STM with information already stored in LTM. |
| Depth of processing | items processed at a deeper level (semantic level) are remembered better. |
| Self reference effect | relating item to your self concept improves memory |
| Transfer appropriate processing | test performance depends on the degree that processes engaged a encoding match the demands of the memory test. |
| Distinctiveness | items to be learned are different from each other and other items already stored in memory. Items processing stresses differences |
| Types of Distinctiveness | flashbulb memories & synesthesia |
| Flashbulb memories | vivid recollection of an autobiographical event that carries a strong emotional component. |
| Synesthesia | a stimulus in one sensory modality (hearing) involuntarily elicits a sensation/experience in another modality (vision). likewise, perception of a form (a letter) may include an unusual perception in the same modality (a color) |
| Relational processing | items to be learned are related to each other and to other items stored in memory. it stresses similarities (subjective organization) |
| Retrieval mode | effort to retrieve an event stored in memory. |
| Encoding specificity | operations performed on what is perceived determines what retrieval cues are effective in producing access to what is stored. |
| Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry | prefrontal activation in the RIGHT HEMISHPHERE is associated with RETRIEVAL MODE & LEFT HEMISPHERE is associated with ENCODING EVENTS. |
| Encoding specificity effects | recall of unrecognizable words, tip of the tongue, study-test interactions in environmental context, mood congruence effect, & state-dependent learning |
| Reconstructive retrieval | shcema-guided construction of episodic memories that embellish, interpret, integrate, alter & distort encoded memory representations. |
| Common errors of reconstructive retrieval | leveling, assimilation, & sharpening |
| Leveling | loss of details |
| Assimilation | normalizing to fit expectations |
| Sharpening | embellishing details |
| Selection | encoding information that fits prior knowledge |
| Interpretation | inferences & suppositions conform new material to activated schemas |
| Integration | combining features of different events into a unified memory representation |
| Source monitoring | evaluate processes that attribute mental experiences to either external (perceived) or internal (thought, imaged, or dreamed) sources |
| False Memories | verbal false memories, & confabulation |
| Verbal false memories | occurs when semantically related words are perceived. a high associate of these words is often falsely remembered. |
| Confabulation | false autobiographical narrative of events that never happened. |
| Causes of False Testimony | Selective encoding, peripheral details, misinformation effect, memory implantation, recovered memories, trauma-induced amnesia, & false recollection |
| Selective encoding | perceptual factors (poor visibility, rapid and unexpected events) |
| Peripheral details | are lost are under emotional duress; but not central features |
| Misinformation effect | distortions caused by misleading information presented during questioning |
| Memory implantation | creation false memory through direct suggestion |
| Recovered memories | repression: defense mechanism that prevents conscious recollection of disturbing events |
| Trauma-induced amnesia | dissociation of consciousness during the experience that produces selective encoding |
| False recollection | misinformation, implantation, or confabulation produce recovered memories that never really happened. |
| Concepts | general ideas that enable the categorization of unique stimuli as related to one another |
| Rule Governed concepts | classical view; features & relations that define category membership are on all or none basis |
| Object concepts | natural (biological) & artifacts (human made) that violate the classical view. |
| Object concepts may be in | hierarchical arrangement or family resemblance |
| Hierarchical arrangement | animal-mammal-human |
| Family resemblance | some common features, but not all |
| Prototype | best or most typical example of a category that serves as a mental representation of concept. |
| Schemas | organize related concepts & integrates past events |
| Frames | represent the physical structure of the environment. Helps generate a mental map of the environment and relations among physical structures |
| Scripts | represent routine activities. they are usually sequential in nature an often involve social interactions |
| Meta-representation | mental representation of another mental representation. thinking about thinking requires this. allows creativity. develops between ages 2-4 |
| Theory of mind | human ability to infer that others, like ourselves, have mental states. begins to develop at 2, but pretend play and reasoning skills helps it to fully develop by age 4 |
| Mindblindness | inability to understand that other people possess mental representations |
| Knowledge can be represented by | imaginal code or propostional code |
| Imaginal code | concrete means of mental representation that conveys perceptual qualities. Represented by an image. |
| Propositional code | abstract verbal-like code that is not lined to sensory modalities, does not create an image. Represented by word |
| Functional equivalence hypothesis | visual imagery, while not identical to perception, is mentally represented and functions that same was as perception |
| Mental maps | belief about environment; also subject to distortions |
| Propsition | coded as a relation with and a set of arguments specifying an assertion that may be true or false. |
| Latent Semantic analysis | mathematical procedure for automatically extraction and representing the meanings of propositions expressed in a text |
| Semantic network model | organized hierarchically; cognitive economy assumption (features are represented only once) |
| Feature Comparison model | characteristic and defining features are processed first; then features are retrieved to categorize |
| Category size effect | the larger the semantic category, the longer it takes to decide if an object is a member of that category. |
Created by:
victoriamhammond91
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