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EECS 563 Exam 1
Communication Networks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ANSI | American National Standards Institute |
| EIA | Electronic Industries Association |
| Tiers (1,2,3) | 1. Backbone (Sprint, Verizon) 2. Commercial (Google, WOW) 3. Very Localized |
| CIR | Committed Info Rate -Avg bandwidth for a VC guaranteed under a normal load |
| VCI | Virtual Circuit Identifier -Label of a VC on a network that enables packets to be sent over the VC. |
| VC | Virtual Circuit -Connection-oriented communication service that requires all connection to be set up and torn down. |
| UDP | User Datagram Protocol -Connectionless transfer protocol. Alternative to TCP |
| ToS | Type of Service -Field in IP header that enforces CoS/Diffserv |
| FDMA, TDMA | Frequency-Division Multiple Access -Allocation of one or several bands of frequency/time to a user |
| FDD,TDD | Frequency-Division Duplex -Upload and download done on two different frequencies/time |
| FDM,TDM | Frequency/Time-Division-Multiplexing -Total bandwidth is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands to carry different symbols. |
| TCP | Transport Control Protocol -Protocol that transports packets in order from end to end |
| SS7 and SIP | Signaling protocols used to set up and tear down virtual switched calls. |
| RIP | Routing Information Protocol -Distance-vector routing protocol that counts number of hops and enforces TTL |
| QoS | Guarantee given by network operator of special network performance metrics. Done in IP layer. |
| PVC | Permanent Virtual Circuit -Long-term, statically set connection between two hosts. Eliminates individual call setup. |
| End to End | Transport layer protocol that moves a packet from one host to another. |
| Point to Point | Data link layer protocol that provides direct connection between two network nodes. |
| PoP | Artificial interface point between communications entities. |
| CIDR | Classless Inter-Domain Routing -Allocates IP addresses and routes IP packets (slash format) |
| OSI | Open Systems Interconnection Model -7-layer model designed by ISO for network (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application) |
| NAP | Network Access Point -Public network exchange facility where different ISPs connected to one another |
| MTU | Maximum Transfer Unit -Size of largest unit that the layer can transport. |
| MAC | Media Access Control -Sublayer that provides addressing and access control for several nodes accessing network over some PHY/DLL element. |
| ITU | International Telecommunication Union -Part of U.N. that coordinates use of spectrum, satellite orbits, and develops international standards. |
| ISO | International Organization for Standards -Body composed of representatives from multiple standards associations |
| IHL | Internet Header Length -Number of 32 bit words on IP header |
| Benefit of Standards | 1. Enables interoperability between vendors 2. Drives costs down 3. Assures consensus 4. Manages mistakes and evolution |
| Problems with Standards | 1. Freezes technology 2. Multiple standards for same system 3. Takes a long time to become standardized 4. Defacto standards emerged 5. Difficult to evolve |
| LTE | Long Term Evolution -4G network technology |
| Datagram | Connectionless packet delivery method |
| TTL | Time to Live -Number of hops left before packet is discarded. Done in IP |
| RFC | Request for Comment -Memo published by IETF describing changes/research/innovations in the Internet |
| OSPF | Open Shortest Path First -Link-state routing protocol for IP. Most notable IGP. |
| IGP | Interior Gateway Protocol -Routing protocol used within an AS (OSPF) |
| IETF | Internet Engineering Task Force -Develops and promotes internet standards, particularly TCP/IP |
| IEEE | Institute of Electronic and Electric Engineers -Association that creates technology protocols. |
| ICMP | Internet Control Message Protocol -Part of IP that sends control and error messages between network elements. |
| DNS | Domain Name System -Distributed naming system for devices connected to the internet. Changes human readable name to IP address. |
| DHCP | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol -Protocol that is used to configure a device for use on a network. Gets IP address, default route, and DNS server. |
| CoS | Class of Service -3 bit field in Ethernet layer that determines priority in service of packets. Done in DLL. (Diffserv) |
| EGP | Exterior Gateway Protocol -Protocol that routes between AS's. (BGP) |
| BGP | Border Gateway Protocol -Protocol that routes between AS's. |
| BER | Bit Error Rate |
| LAN,MAN,WAN | Local (Home), Metro (campus, city), Wide (country/state/region) Area Network |
| ARP | Address Resolution Protocol -Maps IP address to PHY address (link layer) (MAC) |
| Encapsulation | Each layer adds its own header/state and treats entire lower level as payload. |
| Session Layer | Administrative Services |
| Presentation Layer | Display/Language/Formatting |
| Application Layer | -Presents to suer -Uses messages |
| Network Layer | -Routing and Switching -Error Recovery -Logical Channel Control -Controls network connection -IP -Uses Datagram |
| Transport Layer | -End to End -Maps network topology -Multiplexes data -TCP -Uses segments |
| Layer Model Principles | -Small number of layers and interfaces -Simple layers -Changes made to one layer do not affect others -Allow bypassing -Each layer adds value -Encapsulation |
| PHY Layer | -Electrical connection DTE/DCE - Data Terminal/Comms Equipment -Bit transmission -Mechanical Connection |
| DLL Layer | -Point to Point -Manages link connection -Synchronizes and delimits -Uses frames (block frequency) -Flow and Error Control |
| Propagation Delay | Time it takes for first packet to arrive: Distance/Speed of Light |
| Delay Bandwidth Product | Amount of data that could be in transit: 2* Link Rate * Prop Delay |
| Link Utilization | % time link is busy |
| Channel Efficiency | % time link carries user info vs control info: Msg length/(Msg length + header + control) |
| Throughput | Data transmit rate of a channel (b/s or packets/s): Normalized = S = Avg error free rate / link capacity |
| Rehability | -Tree: P(no fail) = 1-p -Ring: P(no fail) = q^n+npq^(n-1) -Full Mesh: # links = n(n-1)/2 -> everything connected -Bus/Broadcast: Everyone broadcasts to everyone |
| Tunneling | -Point to point connection through network in which packtes are encapsulated before entering -Enable VPN, address independence, enhanced security |
| AS | Autonomous System -Collection of connected IP prefixes under control of one operator that has defined routing policy -Stub: 1 connection to outside -Multihomed: Multiple outside connections, doesn't transmit -Transmit - multihomed, but also transmits |
| ASN | AS Numbers -32 bit numbers assigned as addresses to AS by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) |
| IANA | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |
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