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Psychology
Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | activation of receptors by stimuli in the envirnoment |
| Perception | process of organizing and making sense of sensory information |
| Transduction | conversion of stimuli received by receptors into a form that can be used by the nervous system |
| Adaptation | loss of sensitivity to a stimuli by the receptors as a result of a continued presentation of that stimulus |
| Proprioception | internal awareness of body's place in movement |
| Kinesthesia | external awareness of body in space applications |
| Absolute Threshold | minimum amount of energy required for conscious detection of a stimulus 50% of the time by participants |
| Differential Threshold | smallest amount of stimulation the must be added or subtracted from and existing stimulus fir a person to be able to detect a change 50% of the time |
| Back-masking | the process of a sound or message behind deliberately recorded backwards in a song |
| Wavelength | physical length of a light wave measured in nanometers |
| Amplitude | strength or intensity of a stimulus |
| Saturation | trueness or purity of a color |
| Reflected Light | energy reflected by objects |
| Radiant Light | visible energy emitted by an object |
| Cornea | protective covering that focuses light wave |
| Aqueous Humor | fluid the nourishes the eye |
| Pupil | hole in the eye |
| Iris | adjusts pupil opening |
| Accomodation | change shape to focus visual image |
| Retina | light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye |
| Vitreous Humor | nourishment and shape for eye |
| Cones | less prevalent visual receptors that detect color |
| Rods | more prevalent visual receptors that detect black and white |
| Optic Chiasm | point at which the optic nerve fibers form to each eye join |
| Monochromat | person who only sees shades of grey |
| Dichromat | person who has trouble seeing one of the three primary colors |
| Trichromat | person who has normal color vision |
| Audition | sense of hearing |
| Hetz | unit of measure of the frequency of a sound wave |
| Decibel | the amount of energy producing the vibrations we perceive as sound |
| Timbre | purity of a soundwave |
| Ear Drum | a tight membrane that vibrates with waves |
| Cochlea | snail-shaped, fluid filled tube |
| Presbycusis | caused by breakdown of hair cells in the ear |
| Tinnitus | perception of sound (i.e. ringing) that is not actually present |
| Sensory Interaction | principle that one sense influence another |
| 4 Basic Taste Sensations | sweet, salty, bitter, sour |
| Perception | organizing and making sense of our environment |
| Dichotic Listening Task | a different message is presented to each of a participants ears |
| Divided Attention | the ability to attend to more than one message or type of info at the same time |
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon | when important auditory information can be attend to while filtering out other stimuli |
| Top-Down Processing | perceptual process influenced by experience and expecations |
| Bottom-Up Processing | perceptions based on sensory information available |
| Selective Attention | intentional, focused attention |
| Inattentional Blindness | psychological lack of attention |
| Change Blindness | when a change goes unnoticed by observer |
| Pattern Perception | the ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes |
| Feature Analysis Theory | we perceive basic elements of an object and assemble them mentally to create and complete the object |
| Perceptual Contancy | tendency to perceive the size and shape of an object as constant even though the the retinal image changes |
| Shape Contancy | tendency to perceive shape of an object as constant despite changes in its retinal image |
| Size Contancy | tendency to perceive size of an object as constant despite changes in retinal image |
| Gestalt Psychology | we are born with the ability to organize the elements of out perceptual world in predictable ways |
| Figure-Ground Relation | organization of perceptual elements into a figure and background |
| Proximity | close together objects seen as a group |
| Similarity | similar objects seen as a group |
| Closure | see separate pars as a complete object |
| Memory | system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use |
| Nonsense Syllables | Stimuli composed of constant-vowel-constant sequence |
| Serial Learning | learned material must be repeated in order that it was presented |
| Free Recall | learned material that can be repeated in any order |
| Paired Associate Learning | items to be recalled are learned in pairs |
| Primacy Effect | increased chances or remembering items near the beginning of a list |
| Recency Effect | increased chances or remembering items near the end of a list |
| Serial Position Effect | increased chances or remembering items near the beginning and end of a list than in the middle |
| Recognition Test | picking previously learned items from a list that also contains unfamiliar items (multiple choice) |
| Relearning Test | after time passes original material is relearned |
| Encoding | info is transformed/coded into a form that can be processed and further stored |
| Storage | info is placed in the memory system |
| Retrieval | stored memories are brought to consciousness |
| Sensory Memory | very brief (.5-1 sec) but extensive memory of sensory events |
| Iconic Memory | visual sensory memory |
| Echoic Memory | auditory sensory memory |
| Haptic Memory | tactile/touch sensory memory |
| Short-Term Memory | info is held in consciousness of 10-20 seconds |
| Interference Theory | some short-term memories are pushed out to make room for more |
| Chunking | meaningful unit of info |
| Working Memory | attention and conscious effort given to material |
| Long-Term Memory | very large capacity and capability to store information relatively permanently |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | used when we want to save info for a set amount of time |
| Eleborative Rehearsal | meaning is added to info to be remembered |
| Pollyanna Principal | pleasant items or events usually processed more efficiently and accurately than less pleasant items |
| Proactive Interference | previously learned info hinders the recall of info learned more recently |
| Retroactive Interference | info learned more recently hinders recall of info learned previously |
| Levels-of-Processing Model | deeper processing of info increases the likelihood that the info will be recalled |
| Explicit Memory | consciously aware of |
| Implicit Memory | not consciously aware of |
| Semantic Memory | general knowledge |
| Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon | almost, but not quite, able to remember something |
| Episodic Memory | personal experiences |
| Flashbulb Memory | very detailed memory of an arousing, surprising, emotional situation |
| Von Restoff Effect | people recall emotionally charged stimuli better than neutral |
| Priming | unconscious memory processing |
| Procedural Memory | memory for making responses and performing skilled actions |
| Semantic Network | network of related concepts that are linked together |
| Schemas | grouping or cluster of knowledge that are linked together. |
| Encoding Specificity | effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when it was retrieved |
| State-Dependent Learning | when we learn something while in a specific psychological state, our recall of that info will be better when we are in that same psychological state |
| Misinformation Effect | exposure to misleading information presented between the encoding of and event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memore |
| Forgot-it-all-Along Effect | forgot they had the memory |
Created by:
kmeseke
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