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Stats Term 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| statistics | a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting inofrmation |
| population | is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study |
| sample | a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study |
| variable | a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different indviduals |
| data | are measurements or observations |
| data set | a collection of measurements or observatuibs |
| datum (raw score) | a single measurement or observation |
| parameter | a value, usually numerical, that describes a population |
| statistic | a value, usually numerical, that describes a sample |
| descriptive statistics | statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, or simplify data |
| inferential statistics | consists of techniques that allow use to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected |
| sampling error | discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter |
| correctional method | two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them |
| experimental method | one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, an experimental attempts to control all other variables to present them from influencing the results. |
| independent variable | the variable manipulated by the researcher |
| dependent variable | the one that is observed to asses the effects of the treatment |
| quasi-independent variable | in a non experimental study, the independent variable that is used to create the different groups of scores |
| constructs | are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior |
| operational definition | identifies an measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct |
| discrete variable | consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring catergories |
| continuous variable | there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts |
| real limits | boundaries of intervals for scores are represented on a continuous line. Real limit separates 2 adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores. Each has two real limits. Upper real limit= at the top. Lower real limit=the bottom |
| nominal scale | consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinction between observations. |
| ordinal scale | consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude. (EX: 1st, 2nd, 3rd) |
| interval scale | ordered categories that all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal dif. between #s on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being meas |
| ratio scale | is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio, scale, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude |
| sigma (E) | summation or sum of |
Created by:
nix19