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Unit 1
Question | Answer |
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Neolithic revolution | also called the agriculture revolution, people went from hunting & gathering to agriculture |
ancient river valley civilizations | societies based around rivers |
agriculture revolution | also called the neolithic revolution, people went from hunting & gathering to agriculture |
big band theory | a theory that the earth is billions of years old,and formed by an explosion of matter |
domestication of plants | taming plants to live in close association to humans |
domestication of animals | taming animals to live in close association to humans |
civilizations | the level when a society reaches an advanced stage of social development and organization |
beast of burden | an animal that is used for work |
agricultural settlement | settlement where farming is done |
job specialization | individual tasks |
social stratification | system where society ranks people by status |
metallurgy | branch of science concerned with properties of metals and their production |
bronze age | time period characterized by the strong use of bronze |
iron age | time period after the bronze age characterized by the strong use of iron |
irrigation | supply water to land or crops to promote growth |
big geography | attention to the geography of the global world |
out of Africa thesis | idea that homo sapiens emerged in Africa then migrated to other parts of the world |
Lucy | believed to be the first humanlike creature |
early man | a person belonging to an early stage of civilization |
hunting and gathering | way of survival during the paleolithic era, where men hunted for meat & women gathered nuts, berries, and plants to eat. |
cuneiform | the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. |
Sumerians | a member of the indigenous non-Semitic people of ancient Babylonia. |
polytheistic | the belief in multiple gods and goddesses |
Epic of Gilgamesh | The oldest substantial poem that has survived from antiquity, an Assyrian recension dating from the 7th century bc found on clay tablets in the ruins of the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, Iraq |
ziggurat | in ancient Mesopotamia a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple |
Quran | Islamic sacred book |
city states | a sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies |
the wheel | pottery tool in Mesopotamia |
patriarchy | a system of society or government controlled by men |
Hammurabi's code | strict set of laws |
Babylonians | an inhabitant od Babylon or Babylonia |
social class | a decision of society based on social or economic status |
Hittites | a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BC |
diffusion | the spreading of something more widely |
Akkadians | an inhabitant of Akkad |
Assyrians | an inhabitant of Assyria |
Persian | an inhabitant of Persia |
cataracts | a large waterfall |
old kingdom | the period in the history of ancient Egypt, 2780–2280 bce, comprising the 3rd to 6th dynasties, characterized by the predominance of Memphis. |
middle kingdom | period of ancient Egyptian history (circa 2040–1640 bce, 11th-14th dynasty). |
new kingdom | also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. |
Nubians | an inhabitant of Nubia |
expansionism | policy of expanding territory |
pharaoh | a ruler in ancient Egypt |
Menes | an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty |
mummification | process where the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved |
hieroglyphics | pictographic writing particularly used by the Egyptians |
papyrus | a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats |
Hyksos | a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta circa 1640 BCE |
seal | a stone usually engraved with figures of animals or sometimes with characters for stamping identification on personal property |
long distance trade | trading goods over long distances |
fertility gods | a god or goddess in mythology associated with fertility, pregnancy, and birth. |
Hinduism | a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia |
Xia dynasty | the first dynasty in China to be described in ancient history |
Shang dynasty | according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BCE, succeeding the Xia dynasty |
oracle bones | pieces of turtle shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae or turtle plastrons, which were used for pyromancy – a form of divination – in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. |
Zhou dynasty | a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty |
Mandate of Heaven | an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly. |
emperor | a sovereign ruler of great power and rank, especially one ruling an empire |
dynastic cycles | an important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle. It is also the rise and fall of dynasties. |
Olmec | A member of a prehistoric people inhabiting the coast of Veracruz and western Tabasco on the Gulf of Mexico who established what was probably the first Meso-American civilization |
Chavin | a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru.They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast. |
Indo Europeans | family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India. |
Bantu | member of an extensive group of indigenous peoples of central and southern Africa. |
Hebrew | a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine |
Phoenicians | a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies |
migratory group | a group that moves from place to place |
monotheism | the belief that there is only one God |
Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth |
Islam | the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah |
animism | the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe |
Judaism | monotheistic religion of the Jews |
Zoroastrianism | a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster |
Paleolithic rock art | paintings and engravings on the walls in caves usually of animals |
Venus figurines | prehistoric statues of women portrayed with exaggerated attributes |
dreamtime | the "golden age" where ancestors were created |
clovis culture | The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture, named after distinct stone tools found at sites near Clovis, New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s. |
megafanual extinction | large animals go extinct |
Austronesian migrations | the last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region on the earth. |
shamans | a person that has an influence in good and evil |
trance dance | a ritual where a state of altered consciousness is achieved through rhythmic dance |
san culture | people of southern Africa |
chumash culture | a federally recognized tribe |
end of the last ice age | process of global warming. changed climate to the climate we have today. paves the way for agriculture |
"broad spectrum diet" | diet that includes a wide variety of plants and animals |
Fertile Crescent | region known as southwest Asia, earliest development of agriculture |
teosinte | ancestor of corn |
diffusion | gradual spread of agriculture techniques with little migration involved |
Bantu migration | spreading of the Bantu speaking people |
peoples of Australia | aboriginals.. continued to live the hunting and gathering way of life for a long time |
Banpo | Chinese site where remains of an agriculture village have been found |
"secondary products revolution" | series of technological advancements where people thought of new ideas of how to use their domesticated animals |
pastoral societies | human society that relies mostly upon their domesticated animals rather than domesticated plants |
Catalhuyuk | important agriculture site where present day Turkey is located |
"stateless societies" | village based agriculture society that functioned without a formal government |
cheifdoms | group governed by a chief who typically uses his personality to gain the obedience of his people |
What has been the major turning points in the pre human phases of big history? | Big bang, formation of stars and galaxies, milky way galaxy, solar system, and earth. |
Why has world history achieved an increasingly prominent place in American education in recent decades? | Broader view of the past might contribute to a sense of global citizenship. |
What was the sequence of human migration across the planet? | Out of Africa to the Middle East, and from there, westward into Europe and eastward into Asia |
How did Austronesian differ from other early patterns of human movement? | Waterborne migrations, and the spread of the many Austronesian languages. |
In what ways did a hunting and gathering economy shape other aspects of Paleolithic socities? | low population density and slow population growth, and hunting and gathering didn't allow the production of surplus |
Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life? | People moved into more environments, different human groups interacted with one another, and the collection of wild grains |
In what ways, and why, did Chumash culture differ from that of the San? | occupied a richer and more varied environment |
What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it? | It provided the foundation for almost everything that followed: growing populations, villages, civilizations, etc |
In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various parts of the world? | Agriculture depended on what each could support |
In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted? | To much of the earth. Was sometimes resisted because it coexisted with hunting and gathering |
What was revolutionary about the agriculture revolution? | it lead to an increase in population because civilizations could support larger numbers |
What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution? | Pastoral societies, agricultural village societies, and chiefdoms |
How did chiefdoms differ from stateless agricultural village societies? | Chiefdoms had a source of power over them (government) and agricultural village societies had equality and freedom of hunting and gathering communities |
When and where did the first civilizations emerge? | 3500 BCE to 3000 BCE Sumer in southern Mesopotamia, Nubia in northeast Africa |
What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilization? | Agricultural Revolution technology |
What was the role of cities in the early civilizations? | Act as political/administrative capitals |
In what ways was social inequality expressed in early civilizations? | wealth, status, and power |
In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? | horticultural societies |
How did Mesopotamian and Egyptian patriarchy differ from each other? | in Mesopotamia written laws enforced a patriarchal family life that insisted women didn't question the authority of men. In Egypt they offered women greater opportunities |
What were the sources of state authority in the First civilizations? | densely populated territories required someone to organize irrigation, settle conflicts and direct efforts to defend the city |
In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other? | political organization, religious practices and beliefs, the role of women, and much more |
In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors? | commerce, culture and power. |
Norte Chico | economy based on fishing sardines and anchovies which were traded for cotton and food. No writing, pottery or defensive walls |
Indus Valley civilization | elaborately planned out cities, bigger than any other civilization. irrigated agriculture provided an economic base and a written language. |
Olmec civilization | took shape in Southern Mexico, based on agriculture. Mother civilization of Mesoamerica |
Uruk | Mesopotamia's largest city with a population of 50,000. center of the city was a ziggurat with a temple on top |
Mohenjo Daro | flourished on the banks of the Indus River with a population of 40,000. sister city Harappa. Houses of 2-3 stories, indoor plumbing and sewage system underground |
Code of Hammurabi | laws enforced under Hammurabi's rule over Babylon. first example of written laws |
patriarchy | Social organization in which a male is the head and title is traced through the male line. |
rise of the state | organized around cities, headed by kings who were advised by officials. replaced the kinship as the basic organization of society and gave more authority than the chiefdoms |
Epic of Gilgamesh | epic poem from Mesopotamia |
Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | annual flooding helping crops to grow |
Nubia | the region along the Nile River, which is located in Northern Sudan in Southern Egypt |
Hyksos | people from west Asia who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty of Egypt |
Chapter 1 | beginning to 10,000 BCE |
Chapter 2 | 10,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE |
Chapter 3 | 3,500 BCE to 500 BCE |
Geographic locations for AP | from Africa to Eurasia to Australia to the Americas to the Pacific |
How would you define the Mesopotamian ideal of kingship? | gods have the final say |
What understanding of the afterlife does the epic suggest? | that it is not available |
What philosophy of life comes across in the Gilgamesh story? | eternal life is not offered to a mere mortal |
How does the Epic of Gilgamesh portray the gods and their relationship to humankind? | gods were supreme to their people |
What can you infer from the code about the kind of social problems that afflicted ancient Mesopotamia? | there were strict laws against this kind of bad behavior |
How would you define the principles of justice that underlay Hammurabi's code? | he believed in the goodness of people |
How did the code seek to realize the aims of Hammurabi as described above? | he wanted a better world with less evil |
How is the afterlife of the pharaoh represented in this text? | it is considered holy |
How does it compare with depictions of the afterlife in the Epic of Gilgamesh? | gods are important to their people |
What changes in Egyptian religious thinking does the Negative Confession mark? | the deceased were judged by the gods |
On what basis are the users of the Negative Confession making their claim for eternal life? | the life the person lived |
What does the Negative Confession suggest about the sources of conflict and discord in New Kingdom Egypt? | the decision of the place the person received in the land of the west |
What might historians learn from this text about the occupational and social structure of Middle Kingdom Egypt? | writing was important |
What does learning to write offer to a young Egyptian? | they can be a scribe or other administrative position |
What timeless frustrations of a teacher are evident in this text? | learning to write was difficult |