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Neolithic revolution
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Unit 1

QuestionAnswer
Neolithic revolution also called the agriculture revolution, people went from hunting & gathering to agriculture
ancient river valley civilizations societies based around rivers
agriculture revolution also called the neolithic revolution, people went from hunting & gathering to agriculture
big band theory a theory that the earth is billions of years old,and formed by an explosion of matter
domestication of plants taming plants to live in close association to humans
domestication of animals taming animals to live in close association to humans
civilizations the level when a society reaches an advanced stage of social development and organization
beast of burden an animal that is used for work
agricultural settlement settlement where farming is done
job specialization individual tasks
social stratification system where society ranks people by status
metallurgy branch of science concerned with properties of metals and their production
bronze age time period characterized by the strong use of bronze
iron age time period after the bronze age characterized by the strong use of iron
irrigation supply water to land or crops to promote growth
big geography attention to the geography of the global world
out of Africa thesis idea that homo sapiens emerged in Africa then migrated to other parts of the world
Lucy believed to be the first humanlike creature
early man a person belonging to an early stage of civilization
hunting and gathering way of survival during the paleolithic era, where men hunted for meat & women gathered nuts, berries, and plants to eat.
cuneiform the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.
Sumerians a member of the indigenous non-Semitic people of ancient Babylonia.
polytheistic the belief in multiple gods and goddesses
Epic of Gilgamesh The oldest substantial poem that has survived from antiquity, an Assyrian recension dating from the 7th century bc found on clay tablets in the ruins of the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, Iraq
ziggurat in ancient Mesopotamia a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple
Quran Islamic sacred book
city states a sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies
the wheel pottery tool in Mesopotamia
patriarchy a system of society or government controlled by men
Hammurabi's code strict set of laws
Babylonians an inhabitant od Babylon or Babylonia
social class a decision of society based on social or economic status
Hittites a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BC
diffusion the spreading of something more widely
Akkadians an inhabitant of Akkad
Assyrians an inhabitant of Assyria
Persian an inhabitant of Persia
cataracts a large waterfall
old kingdom the period in the history of ancient Egypt, 2780–2280 bce, comprising the 3rd to 6th dynasties, characterized by the predominance of Memphis.
middle kingdom period of ancient Egyptian history (circa 2040–1640 bce, 11th-14th dynasty).
new kingdom also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt.
Nubians an inhabitant of Nubia
expansionism policy of expanding territory
pharaoh a ruler in ancient Egypt
Menes an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty
mummification process where the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved
hieroglyphics pictographic writing particularly used by the Egyptians
papyrus a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats
Hyksos a people of mixed Semitic and Asian descent who invaded Egypt and settled in the Nile delta circa 1640 BCE
seal a stone usually engraved with figures of animals or sometimes with characters for stamping identification on personal property
long distance trade trading goods over long distances
fertility gods a god or goddess in mythology associated with fertility, pregnancy, and birth.
Hinduism a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia
Xia dynasty the first dynasty in China to be described in ancient history
Shang dynasty according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BCE, succeeding the Xia dynasty
oracle bones pieces of turtle shell or bone, normally from ox scapulae or turtle plastrons, which were used for pyromancy – a form of divination – in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty.
Zhou dynasty a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty
Mandate of Heaven an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.
emperor a sovereign ruler of great power and rank, especially one ruling an empire
dynastic cycles an important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle. It is also the rise and fall of dynasties.
Olmec A member of a prehistoric people inhabiting the coast of Veracruz and western Tabasco on the Gulf of Mexico who established what was probably the first Meso-American civilization
Chavin a civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru.They extended their influence to other civilizations along the coast.
Indo Europeans family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India.
Bantu member of an extensive group of indigenous peoples of central and southern Africa.
Hebrew a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine
Phoenicians a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies
migratory group a group that moves from place to place
monotheism the belief that there is only one God
Christianity the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Islam the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah
animism the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe
Judaism monotheistic religion of the Jews
Zoroastrianism a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster
Paleolithic rock art paintings and engravings on the walls in caves usually of animals
Venus figurines prehistoric statues of women portrayed with exaggerated attributes
dreamtime the "golden age" where ancestors were created
clovis culture The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture, named after distinct stone tools found at sites near Clovis, New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s.
megafanual extinction large animals go extinct
Austronesian migrations the last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region on the earth.
shamans a person that has an influence in good and evil
trance dance a ritual where a state of altered consciousness is achieved through rhythmic dance
san culture people of southern Africa
chumash culture a federally recognized tribe
end of the last ice age process of global warming. changed climate to the climate we have today. paves the way for agriculture
"broad spectrum diet" diet that includes a wide variety of plants and animals
Fertile Crescent region known as southwest Asia, earliest development of agriculture
teosinte ancestor of corn
diffusion gradual spread of agriculture techniques with little migration involved
Bantu migration spreading of the Bantu speaking people
peoples of Australia aboriginals.. continued to live the hunting and gathering way of life for a long time
Banpo Chinese site where remains of an agriculture village have been found
"secondary products revolution" series of technological advancements where people thought of new ideas of how to use their domesticated animals
pastoral societies human society that relies mostly upon their domesticated animals rather than domesticated plants
Catalhuyuk important agriculture site where present day Turkey is located
"stateless societies" village based agriculture society that functioned without a formal government
cheifdoms group governed by a chief who typically uses his personality to gain the obedience of his people
What has been the major turning points in the pre human phases of big history? Big bang, formation of stars and galaxies, milky way galaxy, solar system, and earth.
Why has world history achieved an increasingly prominent place in American education in recent decades? Broader view of the past might contribute to a sense of global citizenship.
What was the sequence of human migration across the planet? Out of Africa to the Middle East, and from there, westward into Europe and eastward into Asia
How did Austronesian differ from other early patterns of human movement? Waterborne migrations, and the spread of the many Austronesian languages.
In what ways did a hunting and gathering economy shape other aspects of Paleolithic socities? low population density and slow population growth, and hunting and gathering didn't allow the production of surplus
Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life? People moved into more environments, different human groups interacted with one another, and the collection of wild grains
In what ways, and why, did Chumash culture differ from that of the San? occupied a richer and more varied environment
What accounts for the emergence of agriculture after countless millennia of human life without it? It provided the foundation for almost everything that followed: growing populations, villages, civilizations, etc
In what different ways did the Agricultural Revolution take shape in various parts of the world? Agriculture depended on what each could support
In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted? To much of the earth. Was sometimes resisted because it coexisted with hunting and gathering
What was revolutionary about the agriculture revolution? it lead to an increase in population because civilizations could support larger numbers
What different kinds of societies emerged out of the Agricultural Revolution? Pastoral societies, agricultural village societies, and chiefdoms
How did chiefdoms differ from stateless agricultural village societies? Chiefdoms had a source of power over them (government) and agricultural village societies had equality and freedom of hunting and gathering communities
When and where did the first civilizations emerge? 3500 BCE to 3000 BCE Sumer in southern Mesopotamia, Nubia in northeast Africa
What accounts for the initial breakthroughs to civilization? Agricultural Revolution technology
What was the role of cities in the early civilizations? Act as political/administrative capitals
In what ways was social inequality expressed in early civilizations? wealth, status, and power
In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? horticultural societies
How did Mesopotamian and Egyptian patriarchy differ from each other? in Mesopotamia written laws enforced a patriarchal family life that insisted women didn't question the authority of men. In Egypt they offered women greater opportunities
What were the sources of state authority in the First civilizations? densely populated territories required someone to organize irrigation, settle conflicts and direct efforts to defend the city
In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other? political organization, religious practices and beliefs, the role of women, and much more
In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors? commerce, culture and power.
Norte Chico economy based on fishing sardines and anchovies which were traded for cotton and food. No writing, pottery or defensive walls
Indus Valley civilization elaborately planned out cities, bigger than any other civilization. irrigated agriculture provided an economic base and a written language.
Olmec civilization took shape in Southern Mexico, based on agriculture. Mother civilization of Mesoamerica
Uruk Mesopotamia's largest city with a population of 50,000. center of the city was a ziggurat with a temple on top
Mohenjo Daro flourished on the banks of the Indus River with a population of 40,000. sister city Harappa. Houses of 2-3 stories, indoor plumbing and sewage system underground
Code of Hammurabi laws enforced under Hammurabi's rule over Babylon. first example of written laws
patriarchy Social organization in which a male is the head and title is traced through the male line.
rise of the state organized around cities, headed by kings who were advised by officials. replaced the kinship as the basic organization of society and gave more authority than the chiefdoms 
Epic of Gilgamesh epic poem from Mesopotamia
Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" annual flooding helping crops to grow
Nubia the region along the Nile River, which is located in Northern Sudan in Southern Egypt
Hyksos people from west Asia who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty of Egypt
Chapter 1 beginning to 10,000 BCE
Chapter 2 10,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE
Chapter 3 3,500 BCE to 500 BCE
Geographic locations for AP from Africa to Eurasia to Australia to the Americas to the Pacific
How would you define the Mesopotamian ideal of kingship? gods have the final say
What understanding of the afterlife does the epic suggest? that it is not available
What philosophy of life comes across in the Gilgamesh story? eternal life is not offered to a mere mortal
How does the Epic of Gilgamesh portray the gods and their relationship to humankind? gods were supreme to their people
What can you infer from the code about the kind of social problems that afflicted ancient Mesopotamia? there were strict laws against this kind of bad behavior
How would you define the principles of justice that underlay Hammurabi's code? he believed in the goodness of people
How did the code seek to realize the aims of Hammurabi as described above? he wanted a better world with less evil
How is the afterlife of the pharaoh represented in this text? it is considered holy
How does it compare with depictions of the afterlife in the Epic of Gilgamesh? gods are important to their people
What changes in Egyptian religious thinking does the Negative Confession mark? the deceased were judged by the gods
On what basis are the users of the Negative Confession making their claim for eternal life? the life the person lived
What does the Negative Confession suggest about the sources of conflict and discord in New Kingdom Egypt? the decision of the place the person received in the land of the west
What might historians learn from this text about the occupational and social structure of Middle Kingdom Egypt? writing was important
What does learning to write offer to a young Egyptian? they can be a scribe or other administrative position
What timeless frustrations of a teacher are evident in this text? learning to write was difficult
 

 



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