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chapter 2 More

QuestionAnswer
1. For the elements chlorine and calcium, the chemical symbols are _______ and ________. 1A. Cl 1B. Ca
2. For the elements iron and iodine, the chemical symbols are ________ and _________ 2A. Fe 2B. I
3. For the elements potassium and phosphorus, the chemical symbols are ______ and _______. 3A. K 3B. P
4. For the elements cobalt and copper, the chemical symbols are _______ and ________. 4A. Co 4B. Cu
5. For the elements sodium and sulfur, the chemical symbols are ________ and ________. 5A. Na 5B. S
6. An ionic bond is formed when atoms gain or lose _______________________. 6. electrons
7. When atoms gain or lose electrons, a(n) __________________ bond is formed. 7. ionic
8. An atom that has lost or gained electrons is called a(n) ________________________. 8. ion
9. The number of positive or negative charges an ion has is called its ___________________. 9. valence
10. An anion is an ion with a __________________ charge. 10. negative
11. A cation is an ion with a _____________________ charge. 11. positive
12. A synonym for ionization (such as NaCl in water) is _________________________. 12. dissociation
13. Dissociation means that a molecule breaks into its ____________________. 13. ions
14. The bond between sodium and chloride in a molecule of NaCl is a(n) _____________ bond. 14. ionic
15. A bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms is a(n) __________________ bond. 15. covalent
16. An atom of carbon has _________ electrons to share with other atoms. 16. four
17. An atom of oxygen has ________ electrons to share with other atoms. 17. two
18. The bonds in a molecule of oxygen are _________________ bonds. 18. covalent
19. The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule are ________________ bonds. 19. covalent
20. The weak bonds that help maintain the 3-D shape of proteins and nucleic acids are ___________________ bonds. 20. hydrogen
21. Disulfide bonds help maintain the 3-D shape of _____________________. 21. proteins
22. The subunits of DNA and RNA are called _____________________________. 22. nucleotides
23. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a _______________________, and a _____________________________. 23A. pentose sugar 23B. nitrogenous base
24. The subunits of a molecule of glycogen are molecules of ________________________. 24. glucose
25. Two polysaccharides made of glucose are ____________________ and _________________. 25A. glycogen 25B. starch; cellulose
26. Starches are plant polysaccharides made of _________________________. 26. glucose
27. Glucose is a monosaccharide called a ___________________ sugar. 27. hexose
28. The subunits of the true fats are ____________________ and ____________________. 28A. fatty acids 28B. glycerol
29. Fatty acids and glycerol are the subunits of the energy storage molecules called ____________________________. 29. true fats; triglycerides
30. The subunits of proteins are molecules called ____________________________. 30. amino acids
31. Amino acids are the subunits of __________________________. proteins
32. The bonds between the amino acids in a protein are ___________________ bonds. 32. peptide
33. Peptide bonds are found between the ______________________ in a molecule of _____________________. 33A. amino acids 33B. protein
34. The name for the water within blood vessels is _____________________. 34. plasma
35. Plasma is the name for the water within _____________________________. 35. blood vessels
36. The name for the water in lymph vessels is ________________________. 36. lymph
37. The name for the water within cells is _________________________. 37. intracellular fluid
38. The name for the water around cells is ___________________________. 38. tissue fluid; intercellular fluid; interstitial fluid
39. The body as a whole changes temperature slowly because the body is mostly _____________. 39. water
40. While sweating, the body loses heat by the process of _____________________________. 40. evaporation
41. The evaporation of sweat is a mechanism for the loss of ___________________________. 41. excess heat
42. A disadvantage of sweating is that it may lead to _________________________________. 42. dehydration
43. The excretion of waste products in urine depends on the _______________________ function of water 43. solvent
44. The sense of taste depends on the _____________________ function of water. 44. solvent
45. The transport of minerals in the blood depends on the _______________________ function of water. 45. solvent
46. The synovial fluid of joints is an example of the _______________________ function of water. 46. lubricant
47. The mucus of the large intestine is an example of the _______________________ function of water. 47. lubricant
48. The genetic material of the chromosomes of a cell is ___________________________. 48. DNA
49. DNA is the genetic material in the ___________________________ of a cell. 49. chromosomes
50. The carbohydrates that form self antigens on cell membranes are the ___________________. 50. oligosaccharides
51. Excess glucose is stored as ______________________ in the _________________________. 51A. glycogen 51B. liver; muscles
52. The energy storage molecule in the liver is ________________________. 52. glycogen
53. Glycogen is the storage form for excess __________________________. 53. glucose
54. Starches from plants are digested by people to ____________________________. 54. glucose; monosaccharides
55. A disaccharide such as sucrose is used by the body for ____________________________. 55. energy production
56. The polysaccharide that humans cannot digest is ______________________________. 56. cellulose
57. The polysaccharide that stimulates peristalsis of the colon is __________________________. 57. cellulose
58. The energy-storage molecule in adipose tissue is ____________________________. 58. true fat
59. The lipids that form the largest part of cell membranes are the _________________________. 59. phospholipids
60. Phospholipids are present in all human cells as part of _______________________________. 60. cell membranes
61. The precursor molecule for the steroid hormones is _____________________________. 61. cholesterol
62. Cholesterol is the precursor molecule from which the ______________________ hormones are made. 62. steroid
63. Cells in the ovaries use cholesterol to synthesize ____________________________ 63. estrogen
64. Cells in the testes use cholesterol to synthesize ____________________________. 64. testosterone
65. The steroid molecule that is part of cell membranes is __________________________. 65. cholesterol
66. The monosaccharides that are part of DNA and RNA are the ________________________. 66. pentose sugars
67. Pentose sugars are part of the larger molecules _____________ and ______________. 67A. DNA 67B. RNA
68. The raw materials of cell respiration are ________________ and ___________________. 68A. glucose 68B. oxygen
69. The inorganic molecular products of cell respiration are ________________ and _______________. 69A. carbon dioxide 69B. water
70. The energy products of cell respiration are __________________ and _______________. 70A. ATP 70B. heat
71. The purpose of cell respiration is to produce ________________ from _________________. 71A. ATP 71B. glucose; food
72. Biologically useful energy is released in cell respiration in the form of _________________. 72. ATP
73. The waste product of cell respiration is _______________________________. 73. carbon dioxide
74. The product of cell respiration that in excess will cause cellular pH to decrease is ____________________________. 74. carbon dioxide
75. The accumulation of carbon dioxide will cause the _____________ of body fluids to decrease. 75. pH
76. The mineral that carries oxygen in red blood cells is ________________________. 76. iron
77. Two minerals that provide strength in bones are ______________________ and __________________________. 77A. calcium 77B. phosphorus
78. The mineral necessary for blood clotting is ___________________________. 78. calcium
79. Two minerals that are needed for nerve impulse transmission are _________________ and _________________________ 79A. sodium 79B. potassium
80. A large molecule made of the elements C, H, O, N, and P would most likely be a ______________________________. 80. nucleic acid
81. A large molecule made of the elements C, H, O, N, and S would most likely be a _______________________________. 81. protein
82. The trace element ___________________ is part of some thyroid hormones. 82. iodine
83. The trace element ___________________ is part of vitamin B12. 83. cobalt
84. On the pH scale, acids are indicated by numbers ________________________. 84. below 7
85. On the pH scale, bases are indicated by numbers __________________________. 85. above 7
86. A solution with a pH of 2 is _________________, and has many _________________ ions. 86A. acidic
87. A solution with a pH of 10 is ________________, and has many _________________ ions. 87A. basic; alkaline 87B. hydroxyl
88. An acid has more ___________________ ions than does a neutral solution. 88. hydrogen
89. A base has more ____________________ ions than does a neutral solution. 89. hydroxyl
90. The normal pH range of blood is ________________________________. 90. 7.35 to 7.45
91. The purpose of a buffer system is to prevent large changes in ______________________. 91. pH
92. Large changes in the pH of the blood are prevented by chemicals called _______________________. 92. buffer systems
93. The bicarbonate buffer system consists of carbonic acid and ________________________. 93. sodium bicarbonate
94. Carbonic acid is a _____________ acid that will only slightly _____________ pH. 94A. weak 94B. lower
95. Sodium bicarbonate is a ____________ base that will only slightly ______________ pH. 95A. weak 95B. raise
96. Sodium chloride is a ______________ that has ______________ effect on pH. 96A. salt 96B. no
97. All enzymes are made of the organic molecule ______________________. 97. protein
98. A protein that speeds up a reaction yet remains unchanged is called a(n) ________________. 98. enzyme
99. The function of enzymes is to be _______________________, which speed up reactions. 99. catalysts
100. The particular function of an enzyme depends on the ___________________ of its ____________________________. 100A. shape 100B. active site
101. The active site of an enzyme is the place where the _________________ molecule(s) fit. 101. substrate
102. The shape of an enzyme creates an _____________________, where the substrate molecule(s) fit. 102. active site
103. At the end of an enzymatic reaction, the enzyme itself is 103. unchanged
104. A heavy metal ion may exert toxic effects by blocking the ___________________ of enzymes. 104. active sites
105. A change in pH may disrupt enzyme functioning because H+ ions change the shape of the ________________________. 105. active site
106. A high fever may change the shape of enzymes; that is, enzymes become _________________________. 106. denatured
107. A reaction that involves the formation of bonds is a ___________________ reaction. 107. synthesis
108. A reaction that involves the breaking of bonds is a _____________________ reaction. 108. decomposition
109. A reaction in which small molecules are bonded to form a larger one is a ___________________ reaction. 109. synthesis
110. A reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller ones is a _________________________ reaction. 110. decomposition
Created by: tking3612
 

 



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