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Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Applied Psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems |
| Behavior | Any observable response or activity by an organism |
| Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
| Clinical psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders |
| Cognition | The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
| Critical Thinking | The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome. |
| Culture | The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations |
| Empiricism | THe premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. |
| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways |
| Evolutionary Psychology | Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. |
| Functionalism | A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure. |
| Humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. |
| Introspection | Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience |
| Natural selection | Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time |
| Positive Psychology | Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence. |
| Psychiatry | A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. |
| Psychology | The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. |
| SQ3R | A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review. |
| structuralism | A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related |
| Testwiseness | The ability to use the characteristics and format of a cognitive test to maximize one's score |
| Theory | A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations |
| Unconscious | According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
| Gestalt Psychology | From a German word that means 'whole' or 'form' or 'configuration.' The Gestalt psychologists believed that much of perception is shaped by innate(natural) factors built into the brain. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Marked the birth of psychology as a modern science. Accredited German professor who made strenuous efforts to make psychology its own category of science. |
| Edward Titchener | Englishman who came to the United States in 1892 and contributed his idea of structuralism to psychology. |
| William James | Scholar who contributed much to the concept of functionalism. |
| Sigmund Freud | Physician who came up with the concept of psychoanalysis and developed the idea of the unconsciousness. |
| G. Stanley Hall | Established the first research laboratory for psychology in America, launched the first psychology journal, and also established the American psychological Association(APA) |
| John B. Watson | Founded the concept of behaviorism, stressed the necessity of being able to observe all aspects of experimentation. |
| B.F. Skinner | A highly acclaimed psychologist that was strongly against the idea of free will and a believer of the concept of the environment having complete control of each individual's behavior. |
| Carl Rogers | A prominent figure in the humanistic movement who focused on the self driven motives of human beings. |
| Martin Seligman | Served as one of the presidents of the APA, inspired to create the concept of positive psychology movement. |
| Mary Whiton calkins | Founded one of the first dozen psychology laboratories at Wellesley College, first woman to be president of the APA |
| Leta Stetter Hollingworth | Performed pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children; carried out experiments to refute the allegation that women are less superior to men |
| Abraham Maslow | Another important figure in the humanistic movement who harped on the self drive of human beings to thrive |
| Max Wertheimer | Psychologist that was against dividing thoughts and behavior as two separate entities |
| Ivan Pavlov | Psychologist that studied animals and how they react to pave the way for stimulus response psychology |
| Jean Piaget | Psychologist who did many studies pertaining to children, created the theory of genetic epistemology |
| Charles Darwin | Most known for his theory of evolution; made key observations and discoveries while in the Galapagos Islands relating to the theory. |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, second female president of the APA |
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