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Chapter_13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| blood | a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| hematologic system | the system that makes up the blood and supports its physiological functions |
| plasma | the liquid part of blood that contains water, protein, and various dissolved substances; fluid part of the blood that carries blood cells |
| protein | building blocks of body tissues; in the blood common proteins include albumin and immunoglobulins |
| albumin | a type of protein found in the blood |
| red blood cell (RBC) | a blood cell that contains iron and hemoglobin to which oxygen and carbon dioxide bind during transport (see also erythrocyte) |
| white blood cell (WBC) | a blood cell that helps fight disease and infection (see also leukocyte) |
| platelet | a blood cell that helps the blood to clot during injury or bleeding by clumping together and adhering to surrounding tissue (see also thrombocyte) |
| hemoglobin | a protein molecule in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| erythrocyte | a blood cell that contains iron and hemoglobin to which oxygen and carbon dioxide bind during transport (see also red blood cell) |
| iron | a nutrient used in the formation of red blood cells and also helps hemoglobin bring oxygen to cells |
| folate | a nutrient used in the formation of red blood cells and also helps hemoglobin bring oxygen to cells |
| vitamin B12 | a coenzyme necessary for cell reproduction, normal growth, and red blood cell production |
| erythropoiesis | the process whereby new red blood cells are made in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream |
| erythropoietin | a substance made by the kidneys that stimulates erythropoiesis |
| leukocyte | a blood cell that helps fight disease and infection (see also white blood cell) |
| thrombocyte | a blood cell that helps the blood to clot during injury or bleeding by clumping together and adhering to surrounding tissue (see also platelet) |
| coagulation cascade | the process by which blood clots form |
| thrombin | a coagulation protein that facilitates the growth of a functional blood clot |
| fibrin | a coagulation protein that facilitates the growth of a functional blood clot |
| clotting factor | a substance involved in blood clotting |
| extrinsic pathway | the initiation of coagulation cascade as a result of damaged tissue |
| intrinsic pathway | the initiation of coagulation cascade as a result of contact with a foreign surface |
| blood types | the types of blood categorized as A, B, AB, and O, such that AB has both kinds of antigens, and O has none |
| Rh factor | a marker molecule on red blood cells for which blood is typed |
| anemia | a condition of having a lack of normal, healthy red blood cells containing functional hemoglobin in the blood |
| hemolytic anemia | the excessive destruction of red blood cells which can be caused by infection or even drug therapy |
| iron-deficiency anemia | a type of anemia caused by insufficient amounts of iron in the body |
| pernicious anemia | a type of anemia caused by insufficient amounts of vitamin B12 in the body |
| folate deficiency | a type of anemia caused by insufficient amounts of folate in the body |
| hematocrit (HCT) | a laboratory blood test used to diagnose anemia |
| hemoglobin (Hgb) | a laboratory blood test to measure hemoglobing in the blood; used to diagnose anemia |
| hematopoiesis | the formation and development of blood cells in the body |
| iron supplementation | an agent taken for up to six months to replenish iron stores and produce normal red blood cells |
| folic acid | a B vitamin used as a prenatal supplement and to treat anemia |
| cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) | a coenzyme necessary for cell reproduction, normal growth, and red blood cell production |
| hematopoietic agents | a drug class that promotes the formation of blood cells |
| erythropoietin | a hematopoietic agent used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease |
| complete blood count (CBC) | the calculation of all elements (cells) of the blood |
| stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA) | an interruption in oxygen supply to the brain |
| ischemic stroke | a stroke resulting from an obstruction of blood flow; a blood clot or cholesterol plaque occludes a blood vessel that supplies brain tissue |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | a block in blood flow to the brain which is brief and causes only temporary dysfunction |
| hemorrhagic stroke | a stroke resulting from a rupture in a blood vessel that supplies an area of the brain |
| aneurysm | a thin-walled protrusion in an artery wall that can easily burst |
| clotting disorders | a class of diseases involving both hypercoagulation and hemophilia |
| hypercoagulation | the overproduction of blood clots |
| hemophilia | the inability to produce blood clots |
| deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) | a condition where a blood clot forms in an extremity such as the lower leg or calf |
| pulmonary embolism (PE) | a condition where a blood clot forms in the lungs |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | a lab test that measures the function of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade |
| prothrombin time (PT) | a lab test that measures the function of the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade |
| international normalized ratio (INR) | a lab test that gives a reference for coagulation involving the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade; used to guide anticoagulant drug therapy |
| anticoagulant agent | a blood clot treatment that halts growth of the clot and keep emboli from forming as the body reabsorbs the clot on its own |
| anticoagulation | the prevention of blood clots via drug therapy |
| bridge therapy | a method of introducing a drug while another is decreased; commonly refers to using alternative blood thinner while warfarin begins to work or while surgery is conducted |
| direct thrombin inhibitors | a class of anticoagulatant drugs that work by inhibiting thrombin directly |
| drug interactions with warfarin | a long list of drugs that can affect the activity of warfarin |
| anticoagulation antagonists | a class of drugs used to reverse anticoagulant agents when coagulation problems (over coagulation) are present |
| vitamin K | a vitamin used in the body to make clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the clotting cascade as well as proteins C and S |
| antiplatelet agents | a class of drugs used to prevent or reduce blood clotting after a stroke, deep-vein thrombosis, or heart attack |
| low-dose aspirin | a drug therapy given in low doses (81 mg to 325 mg a day) to prevent clots associated with stroke and heart attack |
| thrombolytic agents | a class of drugs used when an immediate return of blood flow is crucial and works by dissolving clots that have formed; used for massive myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism |
| hemophilia agents | a drug class for hemophilia that replaces specific missing clotting factors and allows the clotting cascade to function restoring normal coagulation |
| vitamin C | ascorbic acid, a substance that boosts the immune system and has antioxidant effects |
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