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Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| periosteum | outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue |
| compact bone | dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum |
| cancellous (spongy) bone | contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone |
| endosteum | membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of the long bone |
| epiphysis (pl. epiphyses) | end of each long bone |
| bone marrow | material found in the cavities of bone |
| red marrow | thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation |
| yellow marrow | soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones |
| maxilla | upper jawbone |
| mandible | lower jawbone |
| vertebral column | made up of bones called vertebra (pl. vertebrae), through which the spinal cord runs. protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles |
| cervical vertebrae | first set of seven bones, forming the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) | second set of 12 vertebrae. they articulate w the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine |
| lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) | third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine |
| sacrum | next set of five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints |
| coccyx | four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone |
| lamina (pl. laminae) | part of the vertebral arch |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion process | extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder |
| sternum | breastbone |
| xiphoid process | lower portion of the sternum |
| humerus | upper arm bone |
| ulna and radius | lower arm bones |
| olecranon process | projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow |
| carpal bones | wrist bones |
| metacarpal bones | hand bones |
| phalanges (sing. phalanx) | finger and toe bones |
| pelvic bone, hip bone | made up of three bones fused together |
| ischium | lower, posterior portion on which ones sits |
| ilium | upper, wing-shaped part on each side |
| pubis | anterior portion of the pelvic bone |
| acetabulum | large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur |
| femur | upper leg bone |
| tibia and fibula | lower leg bones |
| patella (pl. patellae) | kneecap |
| calcaneus | heel bone |
| metatarsal bones | foot bones |
| articular cartilage | smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints |
| meniscus | crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee |
| intervertebral disk | cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine |
| pubic symphysis | catilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline |
| synovia | fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities |
| bursa (pl. bursae) | fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another |
| ligament | flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint |
| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| aponeurosis | strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone |
| skeletal (striated) muscles | attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs (voluntary muscles because we have control over them) |
| smooth (unstriated) muscles | located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. (involuntary because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves) |
| cardiac muscles(myocardium) | forms most of the wall of the heart (involuntary contraction produces heartbeat) |
| abduction | moving away from the midline |
| adduction | moving toward the midline |
| inversion | turning inward |
| eversion | turning outward |
| extension | movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint |
| flexion | movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm down |
| supination | movement that turns the palm up |
| rotation | turning around its own axis |
| ankyl/0 | stiff, bent |
| kinesi/o | movement, motion |
| kyph/o | hump (increased convexity of the spine) |
| lamin/o | lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) |
| lord/o | bent forward (increased concavity of the spine) |
| my/o, myos/o | muscle |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| oste/o | bone |
| petr/o | stone |
| scoli/o | crooked, curved |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -clasia, -clasis, -clast | break |
| -desia | surgical fixation, fusion |
| -physis | growth |
| -schisis | split, fissure |
| ankylosis | abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fusion of a joint, such as the result of chronic arthritis) |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joint |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| cranioschisis | fissure of the cranium (congenital) |
| diskitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disk (aka discitis) |
| fibromyalgia | pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (common condition characterized by widespread pain and stifffness, fatigue, and disturbed sleep) |
| kyphosis | abnormal condition of a hump (aka hunchback, humpback) |
| lordosis | abnormal condition of bending forward (aka swayback) |
| maxillitis | inflammation of the maxilla |
| meniscitis | inflammation of the meniscus |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness |
| myeloma | tumor of the bone marrow (malignant) |
| osteitis | inflammation of the bone |
| osteoarthritis | inflammation of the bone and joint |
| osteochondritis | inflammation of the bone and cartilage |
| osteofibroma | tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign) |
| osteomalacia | softening of bone |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone and bone marrow |
| osteopenia | abnormal reduction of bone mass (can lead to osteoporosis) |
| osteopetrosis | abnormal condition of stonelike bones (caused by defective osteoclast resorption of bone) |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone |
| polymyositis | inflammation of many muscles |
| rachischisis | fissure of the vertebral column (congenital...aka spina bifida) |
| rhabdomyolysis | dissolution of striated muscle (caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity) |
| sarcopenia | abnormal reduction of connective tissue |
| scoliosis | abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine) |
| spondylarthritis | inflammation of vertebral joints (aka spondyloarthritis) |
| spondylosis | abnormal condition of the vertebrae (general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis) |
| synoviosarcoma | malignant tumor of the synovial membrane |
| tendinitis | inflammation of the tendon |
| tenosynovitis | inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane |
| ankylosing spondylitis | form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (aka Strumpell-Marie arthritis or rheumatoid spondylitis) |
| bunion | abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint (aka hallux valgus) |
| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve |
| Colles fracture | type of wrist fracture. at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward |
| exostosis | abnormal benign growth of the surface of a bone |
| fracture (fx) | broken bone |
| gout | disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis |
| herniated disk | rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (aka slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposus HNP) |
| Lyme disease | infection caused by a bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of the infected tick. symptoms vary, including rash at bite site, flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue. |
| muscular dystrophy (MD) | group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. face, larynx, and throat frequently affected |
| osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma |
| plantar fasciitis | inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue fo the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury. common cause of heel pain |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body |
| spinal stenosis | narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities |
| spondylolisthesis | |
| aponeurorrhaphy | suturing of an aponeurosis |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint |
| arthroclasia | (surgical) breaking of a (stiff) joint |
| arthrodesis | surgical fixation of a joint (aka joint fusion) |
| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a joint |
| bursectomy | excision of a bursa |
| carpectomy | excision of a carpal bone |
| chondrectomy | excision of a cartilage |
Created by:
nallain
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