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Chapte_20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| solute | a dissolved substance |
| solvent | a liquid that dissolves a solute; usually water |
| water | a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid essential for life and the most widely used of all solvents |
| fluid | any liquid of the body |
| intracellular fluid | fluid contained inside the cellular membrane |
| extracellular fluid | fluid located outside of the cells |
| interstitial space | the space between the cells in tissues |
| plasma | the liquid part of blood that contains water, protein, and various dissolved substances |
| homeostasis | proper fluid balance in the body which is maintained by multiple systems that regulate water intake and output as well as distribute water into the various body compartments |
| electrolyte | molecular compounds (usually minerals) that form ions when dissolved in water |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| milliequivalents (mEq) | unit of measure for electrolyte concentration |
| osmosis | the movement of a solvent (usually water) through a membrane |
| sodium | the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid |
| isotonicity | a state of balanced concentration across cell membranes |
| potassium | the primary cation in intracellular fluid |
| calcium | a positively charged ion that is associated with bone formation, and it is also essential for muscle contraction and conducting impulses |
| magnesium | an abundant intracellular cation |
| chloride | an anion that transports carbon dioxide, forms hydrochloric acid in the stomach, and retains potassium |
| phosphate | an anion that plays an important role in energy production within cells |
| hydrogen ion (H+) | an ion created when an electron orbiting a hydrogen atom is lost, leaving a lone proton with a positive charge (H+) |
| acidity | the state, quality, or degree of being acid; ability to donate protons in chemical reactions |
| alkalinity | the state, quality, or degree of being alkaline; measure of the power to neutralise hydrogen ions; ability to accept protons in a chemical reaction |
| pH scale | a way to measure acidic and basic properties of substances |
| acid–base pair buffer | a bodily system that keeps the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45; includes a weak acid and a weak base |
| carbonic acid | an acid constantly produced through normal metabolism and respiration that works with sodium bicarbonate to mitigate, or buffer, large changes in pH |
| sodium bicarbonate | a basic compound constantly produced through normal metabolism and respiration that works with carbonic acid to mitigate, or buffer, large changes in pH |
| acid–base balance | the body's balance between acidity and alkalinity |
| dehydration | the excessive loss of bodily fluids, primarily water |
| edema | an accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial tissue space |
| intravenous (IV) fluid | products used to replace lost fluids and electrolytes due to dehydration as well as in parenteral nutrition solutions to supply essential trace minerals |
| tonicity | the concentration of a solute (dissolved substance) in a solvent (liquid vehicle such as water) and how that concentration affects movement of water across membranes |
| osmolarity | the concentration of all molecules, both those that move across membranes and those that do not, in a set volume of fluid |
| isotonic solution | a fluid that has a concentration similar to blood plasma and replaces daily fluids and electrolyte loss and prevents dehydration |
| hypertonic solution | a fluid that contains a higher concentration of solute than bodily fluids and is used when urgent sodium replenishment is needed as part of hydration |
| hypotonic solution | a fluid that contains a lower concentration of solute than bodily fluids and treat dehydration by diluting the concentration within the bloodstream, which decreases osmolarity |
| crystalloid | a solution that contains electrolytes that is used to replace lost fluid and treat dehydration |
| colloid | a substance that contains proteins and other large molecules (such as fats) and works by increasing the osmolarity of blood plasma, which pulls fluid from interstitial spaces |
| electrolyte imbalance | a condition which can be caused by loss or excessive production of the electrolyte itself, or from a relative reduction or excess of fluid |
| hyponatremia | a condition of low sodium concentration in the body |
| hypernatremia | a condition of elevated sodium concentration in the body |
| hypokalemia | a condition of lower than the normal potassium concentration in the body |
| hyperkalemia | a condition of increased potassium levels in the body |
| hypocalcemia | a depletion in calcium levels in the body |
| hypercalcemia | an excess of calcium in the blood |
| hypomagnesemia | a depletion of magnesium in the body |
| hypochloremia | a loss of chloride in the body |
| hyperchloremia | an excess of chloride in the body |
| hypophosphatemia | a drop in phosphate in the bloodstream |
| normal saline | a salty solution used as a delivery vehicle for IV drug therapy |
| dextrose in water | a gluclose solution used as a delivery vehicle for IV drug therapy |
| chelate | bond chemically to form an insoluble precipitant |
| precipitate | small white specks or lumps of material in a solution |
| acidosis | a condition that occurs when extracellular fluid (i.e., blood), contains excess hydrogen ions (commonly from an abundance of carbon dioxide), which causes the pH to drop below the normal range |
| metabolic acidosis | a condition that occurs when excess acid is produced, bicarbonate is lost (such as with diarrhea), or the kidneys do not excrete enough acid |
| respiratory acidosis | a condition that results from slow breathing and retention of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| alkalosis | a condition typically caused by a loss in hydrogen ions, producing a relative increase in bicarbonate, which increases blood pH |
| metabolic alkalosis | a condition that occurs when excess acid is excreted via the kidneys (such as in overdiuresis) or acid is lost from the stomach (either from vomiting or gastric suction) |
| respiratory alkalosis | a condition that occurs when breathing increases, and more carbon dioxide is exhaled and eliminated from the blood |
| ammonium chloride | an acidic substance used for hypochloremia and metabolic alkalosis and works by prompting the kidneys to use ammonium in place of sodium in excretion processes |
| sodium bicarbonate | a basic substance used as an antacid for heartburn and acid indigestion, a systemic alkalinizer for treating metabolic acidosis, and a urinary alkalinizer when treating hemolytic emergencies and drug overdoses |
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