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Chapte_18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| reproductive system | a bodily system responsible for procreation and fetal development |
| gonad | specialized reproductive organs |
| gamete | a kind of cell containing single strands of DNA |
| zygote | a normal cell containing double-stranded DNA |
| ova | the female gamete |
| ovaries | the female gonad that produces ova |
| sperm | the male gamete |
| testes | the male gonad that produces sperm |
| fertilization | the combining of the ovum and sperm |
| embryo | the early stages of development and growth after fertilization |
| hypothalamic-pituitary axis | a core feedback mechanism that controls endocrine function |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes; supports growth and development of ovum and sperm |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates sex hormone production from the ovaries and testes; sitmulates release of ovum and sperm from the ovaries and testes |
| estrogen | a sex hormone that is more prominent in women |
| progesterone | a female sex hormone that supports endometrial lining growth and implanation of a fertilized egg |
| testosterone | a sex hormone that is more prominent in men |
| androgen | a sex hormone, including estrogen and testosterone, that is made by both males and females |
| aromatization | the production of sex hormones through a process that occurs peripherally, in tissues other than the ovaries and testes |
| fallopian tube | a tube that the ova travels through to get from the ovary to the uterus |
| uterus | a female organ where a fertilized egg will embed and gradually develop into an embryo |
| cervix | the lower, narrow part of the uterus; opening of uterus to the vagina |
| vagina | a canal that leads from the cervix to outside of a woman's body |
| menstruation | the sloughing of the endometrial tissue of the uterine lining; commonly referred to as a woman’s period or monthly cycle |
| menstrual cycle | a process that prepares a woman's body for pregnancy each month which is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone |
| follicle | an anatomical structure in which the primary oocyte develops |
| corpus luteum | leftover follicle tissue that releases progesterone, which facilitates endometrial lining growth and supports embryo implantation |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | the pregnancy hormone released by an embryo |
| home pregnancy test | a test that measures the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in urine |
| epididymis | a structure attached to the backside of the testes where the sperm mature |
| ductus deferens | a tube connecting the testes to the urethra (see also vas deferens) |
| vas deferens | a tube connecting the testes to the urethra (see also ductus deferens) |
| seminal vesicle | an organ in the male reproductive system where semen is produced |
| prostate gland | a gland at the base of the bladder in men that aids in the release of urine and secretes a fluid that is a component of semen |
| urethra | a canal that discharges urine and in men, carries semen as well as urine |
| penis | the external male sex organ used to copulate and ejaculate semen and discharge urine |
| semen | a fluid that combines with sperm to help ejaculation through the urethra |
| Leydig cell | a cell in the testes that produce testosterone |
| menopause | the cessation of sex hormone production in females |
| hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | a method of drug therapy that is used for menopause and works by replacing the progesterone and estrogen in the body |
| hypogonadism | the underproduction of testosterone in males |
| andropause | the decline in androgen (testosterone) production that occurs with age |
| anabolic steroids | testosterone and related compounds |
| erectile dysfunction | the failure to initiate or maintain an erection until ejaculation |
| phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors | a drug class used to treat erectile dysfunction and works by relaxing smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum of the penis, which eases blood flow into the area, facilitating erection |
| priapism | an erection that lasts longer than four hours or is painful |
| contraception | the prevention of pregnancy through artificial means (see also birth control) |
| birth control | the prevention of pregnancy through artificial means (see also contraception) |
| rhythm method | avoiding sexual intercourse during days in the menstrual cycle when conception is likely to occur |
| condom | the male condom is placed over the erect penis before penetration into the vagina and a female condom is worn in the vagina and forms a physical barrier between penis and vagina |
| diaphragm | a contraceptive made of rubber, latex, or silicone that is bordered by a rounded ring that fits over the cervix inside the vagina |
| cervical cap | a contraceptive made of rubber, latex, or silicone that is bordered by a rounded ring that fits over the cervix inside the vagina |
| spermicide | a substance that kills sperm cells on contact |
| oral contraceptive | a drug class used to prevent pregnancy by manipulating hormones to prevent ovulation and changing cervical mucus texture |
| emergency contraception | a drug taken within seventy-two hours of unprotected intercourse or the failure of another form of birth control, followed by a second dose twelve hours later and works by preventing ovulation, altering tubal transport of sperm and ovum,or inhibiting impl |
| transdermal contraceptive | a contraceptive that uses a stick-on patch to deliver a combination of estrogen and progesterone in a steady supply through the skin and works by altering the menstrual cycle to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation and thickening cervical mucus |
| vaginal ring | a combination birth control that contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone and is inserted into the vaginal where it releases hormones through the vaginal muscosa |
| sponge | a contraceptive made of a latex porous material that is impregnated with a spermicide and forms a partial barrier over the cervix |
| intrauterine device (IUD) | a intrauterine device with hormonal drug therapy that prevents pregnancy for long periods of time |
| infertility | the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse; or after six months if the woman is over 35 years old |
| endometriosis | a condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, which is a common cause of infertility in women and has a negative effect on general health and well-being |
| assistive reproductive technology (ART) | a complicated and specialized practice that matches drug therapy and other modes of treatment to the specific cause for infertility |
| ovulation induction | the process of using hormones (such as FSH and LH) to stimulate the ovaries to produce and release multiple ova |
| artificial insemination | the process of collecting semen containing sperm from a man and introducing it into a woman’s uterus during peak ovulation |
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) | a procedure whereby multiple eggs are retrieved from a woman and artificially fertilized with sperm in a laboratory |
| home ovulation predictor kit | a kit that measures either body temperature or hormonal fluctuation to predict when ovulation is about to occur |
| sexually transmitted disease (STD) | infections that affect the reproductive system in males and females; they are transmitted through sexual contact |
| chlamydia | a sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism with characteristics of both bacteria and viruses that affects the reproductive system as well as the eyes and throat |
| gonorrhea | a gram-negative bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that attaches to mucosal tissue in the reproductive tract of males and females, rectum, eyes, and oropharyngeal (throat) area |
| syphilis | a bacterial infection cause by Treponema pallidum which is contracted through contact with reproductive mucous membranes and/or genital skin lesions |
| vaginosis | inflammation and infection of the vaginal mucosa that can be caused by bacteria or a yeast-like fungus |
| genital herpes | a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) |
| human papillomavirus (HPV) | a sexually transmitted viral infection that causes genital warts and is connected to cervial cancer in women |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a deadly disease caused by the progression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus that attacks the DNA of T cells, destroying their ability to attack foreign cells and fight infection; transmitted through bodily fluids |
| soy | a plant source of protein with estrogenic properties used for several conditions such as heat flashes associated with menopause (see also phytoestrogen) |
| phytoestrogen | a plant source of protein with estrogenic properties used for several conditions such as heat flashes associated with menopause (see also soy) |
| black cohosh | "a plant product with estrogenic effects used for menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes" |
| evening primrose oil | a substance sometimes used to reduce symptoms of menopause or PMS |
| wild yam | a phytoestrogen similar to soy with mild estrogenic effects; also called Mexican yam |
Created by:
softcrylic
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